1899.] BA.TRAOHIAN-S OF THE MALA.T PBNIN-SULA AND SIAM 909 



Size. The largest specimen from Penang measured, snout to 

 vent, 37 mm- 



Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Borneo. 



Tadpole. 



Tadpoles and newly transformed young toads were found in 

 abundance in two streams on Penang Hill, at elevations of about 

 1800 feet, during March 1898. 



Habits. These tadpoles live in the swift-flowing hill-streams, and 

 are to be found where the torrent is rushing fastest, fixed to the 

 face of the granite boulders which obstruct the stream; a 

 favourite place of theirs was a perpendicular wall of i"ock which 

 the water fell over in a small cascade ; they hold on so fast with 

 their mouths that they cannot easily be pulled off, but have to be 

 plucked away from the rock between one's finger and thumb. 

 They move upstream and about the face of the rock by means of 

 their mouths; when placed in a glass bowl they never laid on 

 the bottom (as most tadpoles do), and seldom swam about but fixed 

 themselves to the glass sides. In captivity they died in a few 

 hours, the still water probably not suiting them. 



Description of the Tadpole (in the 3rd period). 



Form. Leugth of body from rather more than once and a half 

 to rather less than once and two thirds its width, nearly half the 

 leugth of the tail. Nostrils much nearer the eyes than the end of 

 the snout, about a quarter the distance. Eyes on the sides of the 

 head, looking outwards and upwards, not at all prominent in life ; 

 the distance between the eyes is rather more than once and a half 

 as great as that between the nostrils, and little more than half as 

 great as the width of the mouth. A strongly marked lachrymal 

 canal from in front of the eye to the nostril. Spiraculum on the 

 left side, directed backwards and upwards, rather nearer the eye 

 than the anus, not at all prominent in life. Anus median. Tail 

 six times as long as deep, acutely pointed ; upper crest only on 

 posterior two-thirds of tail, lower crest whole length of tail, but 

 only the posterior two-thirds are pigmented ; crests of equal depth 

 or lower slightly deeper. 



Mouth. The large mouth forms an organ for adhesion and 

 locomotion. Beak white : lower jaw edged with black, upper with 

 a conspicuous black diagonal mark on each side. The lips form 

 the rim of a sucking-disk, M^hen not fully expanded they take a 

 crenular form (in spirit-specimens this is very marked) ; the upper 

 lip, which has its edge turned in and terminating iu the 1st row of 

 upper labial teeth, is smooth and free from papillae ; the enlarged 

 muscular lower lip is thickly studded with very small short rounded 

 papillae. There are two uninterrupted series of upper labial teeth 

 of equal length, the 2nd being slightly stronger than the 1st : 

 three uninterrupted series of lower labial teeth of equal length but 

 shorter than the upper series ; the 3rd is the strongest and the 

 1st the weakest. 



Proc. Zool Soc— 1899, No. LIX. 59 



