50 



SCIEiNCE. 



[Vol. XIX. No. 468 



yet sufficiently explained. He showed that we knew very 

 much more about the succession of races and the details of 

 ethnography, where these related to western Europe, espe- 

 cially to France, because these parts were inhabited, owing 

 to the geological conditions, earlier than the north-eastern 

 portions of Europe, while io the east and south-east gener- 

 ally, and in Spain, anthropological science was not suffi- 

 ciently advanced, or political circumstances intervened, and 

 investigators were few. With respect to the Aryan question, 

 he pronounced no very decided opinion, though he spoke of 

 certain doctrines on the original habitat as the Scandinavian 

 and Lithuanian heresies; and he showed some inclination 

 towards that view which looks on the Galchas as represent- 

 ing the ancestors of the Iranians and of the people who 

 brought the Aryan languages into Europe, in which case 

 the brachycephals of the central mountain chains, the Car- 

 pathians with the Balkans, Bohemian Mountains, the Alps, 

 Jura, \^osges, Cevennes, etc., may be looked on as retaining 

 much of the original Aryan blood, seeing that their physical 

 characteristics have a general resemblance to those of the 

 Galchas. He discredited the argument that because the 

 Aryan-speaking inhabitants of Europe were more numerous 

 than those of Asia, it was much more easy to derive the lat- 

 ter from the former, the less from the greater, than vice 

 versa, remarking that on the same principle we should de- 

 rive the English from North America and the Portugue.se 

 from Brazil, and that it was not at all unlikely that about the 

 dawn of history, whea Asia was thickly and Europe com- 

 paratively thinly peopled, the proportions were quite differ- 

 ent, especially as at that time the Iberians were still unor- 

 ganized as to language. With regard to the influence of 

 environment he quoted Kollmann of Basel's five types: — 



1. Long-headed long-faced, the Grave-row or Germanic, 

 etc., 



3. Broad-headed long faced, the Disentis or Sarmatic, 



3. Long-headed broad-faced, the Cro-Magnon, 



4. Broad-headed broad-faced, the Turanian, 



5. Mesocephalic broad-faced, 



but said he thought the types too few and the limits too ab- 

 solute and precise as to figures. 



He showed the extreme divergence of views on ihis subject 

 ■of environment, — noting how Kollmann denied any change 

 of types, or material progression therein, since the period 

 when we knew anything of man in Europe, saying that man 

 was fit for anything when he first appeared here, and that 

 for the establishment of permanent varieties we must look 

 further back, perhaps even into the Miocene age. 



On the other hand, Schaaiihausen, Ranke, and, to a less 

 decided extent, perhaps Virchow himself, assign very great 

 importance to environment. The first indicates a large num- 

 ber of points of inferiority as occurring together or separately 

 in the old dolichocephals, and believes that in Germany, if 

 not elsewhere, heads are gradually growing broader with in- 

 creasing intelligence and civilization, while Ranke thinks 

 that in Bavaria, in some unexplained way, the inhabitation 

 of mountain regions has a tendency to broaden and shorten 

 the head, and that, where race concurs with environment, as 

 as in the once-slavonic hill-country of Upper Franconia, the 

 tendency is still more marked, as from a double influence. 

 Dr. Beddoe then went briefly through the history of the suc- 

 cessive expansions and '"swarmings" or migrations of the 

 several races who have successively been active in Europe, — 

 the Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Gallo-Kelts, the Romans, 

 the Germans, the Slavs, the Saracens, and the Turco-Tartar 

 tribes, and their share in modifying race-distribution. 



Proceeding to consider the history and ethnology of Rus- 

 sia, he stated his opinion that the Scythians, if not altogether 

 Turanian, were a mixed race into which a Turanian element 

 entered, and who ruled over other tribes of different descent 

 from themselves. The ancient skulls had not been found or 

 preserved in great number, but they were almost all long, 

 up to the Slavonic period, when they became rather broad, 

 very much what they are at the present day. The Merians 

 around Moscow were a Finnish tribe, who about the tenth or 

 eleventh century were being subdued or incorporated by the 

 encroaching Muscovites, and who finally disappeared; they 

 were tall and strong, but pacific in habits, and, though they 

 had commerce with the Arabs and Bulgarians, were com- 

 paratively poor. The history of Russia was one of gradual 

 absorption of Finnish tribes, interrupted for a long period 

 by the great invasion and domination of the Mongols of the 

 Golden Horde. The numerous Finnish tribes seemed to have 

 something common in their physiognomy, but differed very 

 much in their indices of head-breadth, and also to some ex- 

 tent in complexion, some having dark hair, others to a large 

 extent fair or brown, and some a large percentage of red 

 hair, e.g., the Votiaks and Voguls, who are incorrectly said 

 to be all red-haired. 



Dr. Beddoe thought the Illyrians probably furnished the 

 principal source of the black-haired folk in the Balkan Pe- 

 ninsula; they were also broad-headed. He entered into 

 some details as to the changes in the Greek type and the his- 

 tory of the Thracians, as well as of tbs colonization of Bul- 

 garia by the people who now bear that name. 



With regard to Scandinavia he quoted the discrepant 

 views of Montelius and Aspelin, the former doubting or 

 denying the arrival of any new race since the neolithic pe- 

 riod, the latter tracing the true Swedes to the Rboxalani 

 (Red-men in Finnish), whom he supposed to have entered 

 Sweden about the fourth or fifth century. 



In treating of Germany he entered pretty fully into the 

 question of the change which appears to have taken place in 

 the physique of the Bavarians and Swabians since the Mar- 

 comanni and Alemanni occupied these countries, quoting the 

 different opinions of Von Holder and Ranke on the subject, 

 and especially the investigations of the former at Ratisbon. 



In France and Belgium the clearest and most conclusive 

 mass of anthropological fact was supplied by the investiga- 

 tions of Vanderhindere and Houze into the color, head-form, 

 stature, etc., of the Belgians. A line drawn east and west 

 between the Flemings and the Brabanters and the Walloons 

 separated two races differing in language, color, stature, 

 head-form, and length of nose, and that in the sharpest 

 manner. In France Dr. Beddoe also mentioned the inqui- 

 ries of Broca and Boudin into stature, of Topinard into color, 

 and of Collignon into head-form, and their remarkable re- 

 sults; and in Spain those of Don Telesforo de Aranzadi y 

 Unamono, into the physical characteristics of the Guipuzcoan 

 Basques, whom he believed not to be a pure race, but a mix- 

 ture of three distinct elements. In Italy he showed how the 

 stature and the head-breadth decreased gradually from north to 

 south, and how the Sards were probably the purest breed in 

 Europe, and the best representatives of the Mediterranean or 

 southern race; also how closely the modern seemed to re- 

 semble the ancient Romans. In Britain he selected for spe- 

 cial remark Pembrokeshire and the Isle of Man, and analyzed 

 the indications of stature, color, and head-form in the Manx-, 

 men, who were a cross-breed between the Gael and the 

 Norseman in all these respects. In Scotland he selected for 

 special remark the people of Berwickshire and of Ballachu- 



