1902.] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CONDOR. 239 



The fossils exhibited showed affinities, on the one hand, with 

 the pigmy Hippopotamus of Western Africa, Cheer opsis liber i- 

 ensis ; on the other, with some remains from the Lower Pliocene 

 of Casino (Italy). They were considered by the exhibitor as a 

 further illustration of the assumption that many of the Pleistocene 

 Mammals of the Mediterranean Islands were the little modified 

 survivors of Tertiary forms from the adjoining continents, from 

 which the islands had been severed during that period. 



The following papers were read : — 



1. On the Windpipe and the Heart of the Condor. By 

 Fkank E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and 

 Prosector o£ the Society. 



[Received March 12, 1902.] 



(Text-figures 29-32.) 



The generalities in the structure of the windpipe of the Condor 

 are pretty well known, and have been so for long, though the 

 information as given is not always exact. There has not been, 

 however, so far as I am aware, a detailed comparison of that organ 

 in the two sexes. As sexual differences in the windpipe are to 

 be found at least in Sarcorhcmiphus gryphus, I have thought it 

 worth while to draw up an accovmt of the matter. In the female 

 Sarcorhamphus gryphus the two bronchi end, as I described and 

 figured them some years since \ in a membranous tract of some 

 length ; the cartilaginous rings of the bronchi in fact cease to 

 exist some way befoi-e the bi'onchi plunge into the lung-svibstance. 

 This membranous tract of each bronchus is enveloped and com- 

 pletely covered by a layer of muscle, which is prolonged into 

 several strands of muscle tying the bronchus down to the mem- 

 branous surface of the lung. The figure of the windpipe in the 

 female Condor illustrating my account of it was drawn from the 

 recently dead specimen, and is, I believe, quite accurate. I have 

 examined also the windpipe of a female example of the second 

 species of the genus Sarcorhamphus ^ viz. S. cequatorialis, which I 

 had preserved at the time of the death of this specimen. The 

 end of each bronchus is, in precisely the same way as in S. gryphus, 

 covered with a sheet of muscle. I do not give here a detailed 

 account of the ari'angement of the muscular tags proceeding from 

 this sheath of muscle and tying down the bronchus to the lung- 

 surface, since they appear to be, as far as I can judge, identical 

 with the arrangements to be seen in Sarcorhamphus gryphus. 



I have quite lately had the opportvmity, through the death of 

 one of these birds, of examining the windpipe in the male Sarco- 



1 "Notes on the Anatomy of the Condor," P. Z. S. 1890, p. 142. 



