136 DR. E. CRISP ON THE GALL-BLADDER [April 8, 



are furnished with a gall-bladder ; but we nSw come to a division 

 (the Pachydermata) in which this organ is generally absent. I have 

 found it in the Wart Hog (Phacochcerus cethiopicus) , in J^llian's Wart- 

 Hog (P. celiani), in the Red River-Hog {Potamochoerus africanus), 

 in the Javan Wild Hog {Siis mttaius) ; but in the Wild Boar of Europe 

 {S. scrofd), and in the Indian Hog {S. indicus) I omitted to note its 

 presence. In the above-named animals it is long and rather capacious, 

 containing from one and a half to two and a half ounces of bile. 



It was absent in two Tapirs {Tapirus americanus), in the White- 

 lipped Peccary {Dicotijles labiatus), and in the Collared Peccary 

 (D. torquatus), in two Asiatic Elephants {Elephas indicus), in the 

 Hyrax {Hyrax capensis) (two specimens), in the Horse {Equiis ca- 

 ballus), in the Ass {U. asinus), and in the Zebra (E. zebra). I have 

 not examined the Hippopotamus or the Rhinoceros ; but it is said to 

 be absent in both ; so that, with the exception of the Pigs {Suidce)^ 

 none of the Pachyderms have a gall-bladder. 



Ruminantia. This is one of the most interesting divisions as re- 

 gards the physiology of the gall-bladder. It has been always stated 

 that the solid-horned Ruminants have no gall-bladder, and that in the 

 hollow-horned it is present — an assertion that, like too many others 

 in zoology, has been made without sufficient evidence. 



In one of the most recent articles on the Ruminantia that I am 

 acquainted with, by Dr. Cobbold (Todd's 'Cyclopsedia of Anatomy 

 and Physiology,' 1859), this author, in reference to the gall-bladder 

 says, " This family (the Camelidcc), in common with the CervidcR 

 proper, is further distinguished by the absence of a gall-bladder, 

 whereas the hollow-horned Ruminants invariably possess this struc- 

 ture." In speaking of the double gall-bladder of the Giraffe, described 

 by Professor Owen, Dr. Cobbold thinks it a circumstance serving to 

 illustrate a feeble alliance with the Antilopidce on the one hand, and 

 a nearer approach to the Cervidce and Camelidce on the other. 



In my dissections of the Ruminants I have sometimes omitted to 

 slietch the gall-bladder, or to name it in my notes ; but the sub- 

 joined list of animals, I think, is sufficiently extensive to show that this 

 supposed law is not always to be depended upon. 



I found that it was absent in the Alpaca {Lama pucos) , Lamas 2 

 {L. glama), Guanacos 2 {L. huanacd), Virginian Deer 2 {Cervus vir- 

 ginianus). Reindeer A {C. tarandus), Sambur Deer 2 (C hippela- 

 phus), Malacca Deer (C. malaccetisis), Rocky-Mountain Deer (C. 



?), Hog Deer 3 (C. porcinus), Brocket (C. auritus), Indian 



Deer 3 (C. indicus), Mexican Deer (C. mexicanus), and Elk {C. alces). 



In ^*i<^ Wapiti Deer (C canadensis), Persian Deer (C. wallichii), 

 Barbary Deer (C barbarus), and Barasinga Deer (C diivaucellii), I 

 did not look for it. 



I found it in the Musk Deer {M. moscMferus), Axis Deer 3 (C 

 axis). Brocket (C superciliaris) (but absent in one specimen), Leu- 

 coryx 3 (Antilope leucoryx). Eland {A. areas), Harte Beeste (A. 

 caama), Isabelline Antelope (A. isabellina). Striped Antelope {A. 

 scripta), Dorcas Gazelle (A. dorcas), Indian Gazelle {A. hesoarctica), 

 Bennett's Gazelle (^A. bennettii), Gazella vera, Spring Boo {Antilope 



