1909.] OBSERVATIONS DURING 1908. 129 
two Lawes’ Birds of Paradise. The difficulty of identification is 
much increased by the fact that the parent worms often cannot 
be found. The filaria found in a Bearded Lizard is, I believe, the 
first found in a reptile. 
5. A hitherto undescribed trypanosome has been found in a 
Francolin which died from mycosis, which is larger than any 
described so far in birds. 
6. Hzmogregarines have been found in 40 reptiles, and in 13 of 
these, I believe, for the first time. In the cases in which death has 
been attributed to them the anemia and blood destruction have 
been so extreme as to make the diagnosis quite certain ; sometimes 
50 or even 60 per cent. of the erythrocytes have been affected. 
7. Pneumonia in reptiles is of two kinds—one a specific inflam- 
mation of the lung, the other a traumatic inflammation due to the 
irritation produced by ascaris eggs and embryos deposited there. 
In some cases masses like tubercles are formed around the source 
of irritation. 13 of these cases were of this irritative kind. 
8. This protozoal infection occurred in a bull-frog, and the 
lesions were identical with those described by Danielewsky in 
1889 in his account of the only other case on record in an edible 
frog. The causative organism which was present in the blood 
and the exudations in this case was a Hexanvitus (really Octomitus). 
9. Of the 29 mammals which died from congestion of lungs, 
22 were suffering from rickets, 9 very severely. 
10. It will be seen that gastric ulceration is more widely distri- 
buted amongst mammals than is usually thought to be the case. 
11. The large number of cases of enteritis has led to an 
investigation into the probable causes. There appear to be 
three different kinds of enteritis in the Gardens—one which is 
caused by bacteria, one which is caused by protozoal organisms, 
and a third variety probably due to errors in feeding. An effort 
is being made to separate the various kinds, so that at any rate 
those due to feeding may be got rid of. The very large per- 
centage of cases of gastro-enteritis in the reptiles will be noticed ; 
in 58 out of 161 cases death was due directly to this condition, 
and in the remainder, which died of other diseases, the same 
condition was present in varying degrees. It would seem worth 
while to consider whether the present unnatural and unphysio- 
logical method of feeding the snakes has any connection with the 
very large incidence of inflammations of the alimentary tract 
occurring in them. 
12. In these 10 cases there was very profound anemia, with 
considerable blood changes. J think that these cases were in all 
probability parasitic in origin, but no cause, parasitic or other, 
could be found. 
Several probably undescribed intestinal worms have been found 
during the year, and are still undergoing investigation. 
The work condensed in this paper has been carried out in the 
laboratories at the Gardens and at the Lister Institute. 
Proc. Zoon. Soc.—1909, ING@ UBS 9 
