1909.] ON ECTOPARASITES OF THE RED GROUSE. 309 
The Secretary also exhibited a photograph of a female Giraffe 
captured in the West Soudan, east of Timbuctoo, showing a 
general resemblance with Giraffa camelopardalis typica. 
Dr. F. A. Bather, M.A., F.Z.S., exhibited a fossil Echinoid, 
Scutellina patella, from the Hocene? (Barwonian) of Nelson, 
Glenelg River, Victoria, Australia, showing a marsupium for the 
young, as described by T. 8S. Hall (Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n. s. 
xx. p. 140, 1908). 
The following papers were read :— 
1. The Ectoparasites of the Red Grouse (Lagopus scoticus). 
By A Ee SaipnEy, MAC) Elon DSey ER: S.,) Be ZS. 
Fellow and Tutor of Christ’s College, Cambridge, and 
Reader in Zoology in the University. 
[Received November 28, 1908. ] 
(Plates XXXV.—XLVITI.*) 
I have made a careful examination of all the animals I can find 
recorded both from the outside and from the inside of the 
body of the grouse, with the exception of the blood parasites 
Leucocytozoon lovati Seligm. & Samb.7, the Protozoa found by 
Dr. Fantham, and the Microfilaria described by Sambon. Besides 
the Protozoa found by Sambon, Dr. Fantham has found a species 
of Spirochete in the blood prepared from smears taken from 
the heart and liver. Probably this is a new species, as it is 
somewhat short and thick. It was only seen on two occasions. 
A second Spirochete was found in the intestine. It was seen 
alive and was not numerous. It is possibly the so-called 
Trypanosoma eberthi (Kent). Oocysts of Coccidium avium are 
common in the intestine and rectum. Gregarine spores, probably 
of Monocystis, are sometimes seen in the intestine; MJ/onocystis 
spores having been recorded hy Pfeiffer from the intestines of birds. 
A Heemosporidian occurs in the erythrocytes, but was seen only 
in the younger stages. Theyare rare. An Amceba is found both 
in the rectal contents and in the droppings. 
The animals which live within the grouse constitute the Entozoa 
or Entoparasites, those that live on the body form the Ectozoa or 
Ectoparasites, and with these latter this paper deals. 
From the point of view of the Grouse Disease Inquiry the 
attention paid to the ectoparasites may seem superfluous, but 
many of the internal parasites and all the tape-worms pass 
through a second host. For example, the tape-worms which 
live in the alimentary canal of the grouse pass their younger or 
* Wor explanation of the Plates, see p. 333. 
+ ‘The Lancet,’ 21 September, 1907, p. 829. 
