B32 DR. A. E. SHIPLEY ON [ Mar. 16, 
Tenthredinide (saw-flies), eight caterpillars of a Geometrid moth, 
one caterpillar of a smaller moth, two small Tineid moths, a 
number of immature Homopterous insects resembling the “ frog” 
or “ cuckoo-spit,” a fly, possibly a Leptis, two specimens of the 
family Aphid (plant-lice), one small spider, and the remains of 
four specimens of the slug Arion empiricorum Fer. The gizzard 
of the same grouse contained, in a more broken up condition and 
consequently more difficult to identify, two or three dozen larvee 
of saw-flies and moths, some young Homopterous insects, and the 
pupee of two Muscid flies. 
The segments of the grouse tape-worms containing the ripe 
eggs pass away with its dejecta and get on the ground or on to 
the heather and other plants, or ito water. The eggs of the two 
species of Davainea are believed to develop into the cestode larva 
inside the body of an insect or a land mollusc. They are ex- 
cessively minute, and lying as they do in millions on the heather, 
may be readily consumed by the leaf-eating caterpillars and other 
insect larvee which live on the moors. Doubtless many are eaten 
by the grouse themselves, but they are digested and come to 
nothing. As we have said above, a tape-worm must have a 
‘second or intermediate host, and its larval stage must be passed 
inside an animal quite distinct from that which harbours the 
adult worm. To get at and eat the eggs seems to me an easier 
matter for caterpillars and other insect larvee or for slugs than it 
is for the ectoparasites, which as a rule are not very likely to 
come across the dejecta of their host. For this reason, in looking 
for the larval tape-worm, we are now searching the insect larvee 
and the slugs eaten so eagerly by the grouse. A common food of 
grouse is the head of certain species of rush. Juncus articulatus 
v. lamprocarpus, J. squarrosus, and J. effusus v. conglomeratus are 
all frequently eaten. There is a very minute moth the larvee of 
which live in curious, white, papery cases inserted into each twig of 
the rush-head which they eat.. When the rush is in its turn eaten 
by the grouse, the larvee of the moth pass into the alimentary 
canal of the bird and are there digested. It has not been possible 
to finally determine the species of the moth, but I think it is 
Coleophora ceespititiella*, for this species frequents many species of 
rush; whereas the C. glaucicolella, the other inland species, is 
most partial to Juncus glaucus. The former is usually fully out 
by the middle of June and lingers on till the middle of July ; the 
last-named moth issues about the middle of July, and flies for 
four weeks. The case is whitish, semi-transparent, and with 
brown specks; it is found when the larva is no longer young, but 
not at any very fixed time. At first its outer end is closed. The 
larva often leaves the case, burrowing into the rush-head for food, 
and at times fails to refind it. Before pupating, the outer or 
anal end of the case is opened and the case strengthened by a 
glandular excretion. These larvee should be searched for cysts. 
* J. H. Wood, Ent. Mag. II. Ser. iii. (xxviii.) 1892. 
