422 DR. T, A. CHAPMAN ON THE SPECIES [Apr. 27, 
[type maha, not alsus (minimus); alsus is an Everid and was 
stated to be the type of Zizera by Moore under some misappre- 
hension. It does not possess the characters by which he defines 
the genus, whilst maha (and other Indian species) does]. 
Two species placed in Lyeenopsis, viz. vardhana and musine 
(Jugra), possess these hooks, and probably require each a separate 
genus, but I shall satisfy myself for the present by placing them 
in the genus Votarthrinus, instituted for an apparent Lycenopsis, 
possessing this character. catreus, rather an aberrant form, 
would be just within Lycenopsis. Before inventing genera for 
these, it would be well to know something of their life-histories. 
This tolerably uniform structure of the dorsal armature 
throughout the true Lycnopsids reinforces the remark I made 
a number of years ago, in discussing the morphology of these 
structures in the genus Hrebia. I then observed that the dorsal 
appendages were fairly constant throughout a genus, whilst the 
clasps varied very much, and yet very similar variations in the 
clasps could be found in allied genera clearly marked off by the 
dorsal structures. 
These lateral hooks of the dorsal armature must be, from 
their constancy throughout the Lycenids, of some essential use, 
which we must suppose was not imperative in the Lyceenopsids. 
Nevertheless, in Lycenopsis we find that some species apparently 
regretted the loss, but under the law that lost parts cannot be 
regained, could only meet their desires by developing a more or 
less hard and sharp point as part of the lateral dorsal process, 
most highly developed in LZ. limbata (19). 
In the few notes I may make on theappendages of each species, 
I certainly do not attempt any full description, trusting, so far as 
that goes, to the photographic reproductions. In such remarks 
as I may hazard, my objects are rather to call attention to points 
that mark their agreements or differences with other species, as 
hints to their affinities, and to points not clearly brought out by 
the photographs. 
In preparing the specimens, I found that to secure their being 
satisfactorily photographed and easily compared under similar 
conditions, it was necessary to make them quite flat and all 
in the same manner: this is true of preparations of ancillary 
appendages of most groups, but the question varies in each group 
as to how such flatness may best be attained. In some groups it 
is well nigh impossible. In. the Lycenopses I find it fairly 
satisfactory to divide the basal chitinous ring in the medio-dorsal 
line and spread it out, so that the extreme ends of the preparation 
are the separated dorsal portions of the ring. The photographs 
appended are nearly all from such specimens. They are mostly 
magnified 45 diameters, more or less reduced on reproduction, 
but there are a few exceptions. The photographs are by Mr. F. 
Noad Clark, whose technique leaves nothing to be desired, except 
specimens mounted in a more finished and less amateur manner 
to operate on. 
