Ancient Villages Among Emblematic Mounds. 155 



ysis is required to distinguish the two classes of works. The 

 author has been careful to notice the differences between the 

 two and to make the subject definite. Our investigation is 

 to be among emblematic mounds and not other tokens and 

 the villages of which we are to speak are the villages of this 

 unknown people. There are several heads or divisions to 

 the subject: 



I. The existence of village life among the emblematic 

 mound-builders . 



II. The probable characteristics of these villages. 



III. The identification of these peculiarities or traits in 

 certain localities. 



IV. The comparison of different localities as exhibiting 

 the same characteristics. 



Y. The contrasts which are presented by certain groups, 

 concerning which there are doubts whether they contain 

 village sites or not. 



I. The existence of village life among the emblematic 

 mound builders is a point which has very great interest, and 

 which deserves especial attention. The proofs of this have 

 been lacking hitherto, although there are many facts which 

 have rendered it probable. 



(1). In the first place it has been supposed that the 

 inound builders were in that stage of culture which would 

 render the village a necessity. They were passing out 

 from the stage of savagery and from a purely hunter's 

 life into the agricultural state. This is evident from the fact 

 that garden beds are found associated with the mounds. 

 These garden beds differ from the corn fields of the Indians 

 as much as the elaborate works and effigies differ from the 

 ordinary burial mounds, and show that the mound builders 

 were superior to the later tribes. 



Village life existed among the Indians. With them 

 there was the custom of raising the cereals combined with 

 the chasing of wild game and the subsistence upon fish. 

 With the mound-builders the same modes of life may have 

 prevailed, but village life would be more marked, inasmuch 

 as their culture was more advanced. The relics which are 

 found, as well as the works, indicate that a peaceable condi- 



