July 8, 1904.] 



SCIENCE. 



55 



"* Urocyon townsendi Merriam, C. H. 

 ^ Procyon near lotor Linn. 

 - Felis hippolestes Merriam, C. H. 

 >• Mephitis occidentalis Baird. 

 ^ Mustela sp. 

 — Aplodontia near major. 

 ~- Erethizon epixanthus Brandt. 

 ~~ Lepus auduboni Baird. 



Lepus sp. 

 y Microtus sp. 

 X Neotama fuscipes Baird. 

 Neotoma sp. 



— Sciurus^sp. 



^ Citellus douglasi Richardson. 

 I- Euceratherium collinum Sinclair & Furlong. 



— Euceratherium n. sp. 

 '~ Odocoileus sp. (a). 



Odocoileus sp. (h). 

 ~ Megalonyx sp. 



The majority of the remains discovered are 

 those of large carnivora or of cave-inhabiting 

 rodents. This would indicate that these ani- 

 mals have lived in the caves. Such evidence 

 is supported by the fact that the remains of 

 ■ungulates and other forms which would natur- 

 ally fall prey to the carnivora are generally 

 much scattered and broken, and in some in- 

 stances show marks of carnivore teeth. 



The position of the present entrance pre- 

 cludes the supposition that any animal could 

 hy means of ' it have gained entrance to this 

 chamber. It is seventy-five feet above the 

 cave floor with a straight drop from top to 

 hottom. The approach to this chimney is 

 through several difiicult and tortuous galleries, 

 a route which animals would not follow, as it 

 is far from the light. 



Under a portion of the overhanging wall at 

 the southwest side of chamber two, a small fan 

 of stalagmite-covered detrital matter sloping 

 from the outside may mark a former entrance 

 now entirely choked and sealed by the heavy 

 stalagmite growth. It was possibly at this 

 point that animals had access to the chamber, 

 as there is now no outside entrance. 



A full report on this investigation will ap- 

 pear later in the Publications of the Univer- 

 sity of California. 



E. L. Furlong. 



Univeksitt of California, 

 April, 1904. 



y 



VITALITY OF PSEUDOMONAS CAMPESTEIS (PAM.) 

 SMITH ON CABBAGE SEED. 



Black rot of cabbage and cauliflower, 

 caused by Pseudomonas campestris (Pam.) 

 Smith, is a widespread and often destructive 

 disease in the United States. The experience 

 of farmers indicates that the disease may be 

 transmitted by means of the seed; but plant 

 pathologists have doubted this because it 

 seemed impossible that the organism could re- 

 tain its vitality for several months on dry 

 seeds. P. campestris forms no spores. More- 

 over, Eussell and Harding* found that when 

 fresh bouillon cultures were dried at 29° C. 

 on cover slips and kept in darkness ' an ex- 

 posure of 45 hours invariably sufficed to de- 

 stroy the vitality of the organisms.' 



Recently the writers have investigated this 

 subject and find that P. campestris may live 

 on dry cabbage seed for at least ten months. 

 A quantity of cabbage seed was wet with water 

 into which a culture of P. campestris had been 

 thoroughly stirred. The seed was then dried 

 and stored in test-tubes in darkness. Some 

 tubes were simply plugged with cotton, while 

 others were plugged with cotton and then 

 sealed with paraffin. Once a month the seeds 

 were tested for the presence of living germs 

 of P. campestris. This experiment is un- 

 finished; but at the end of ten months some 

 live germs were found (both in paraffined and 

 in unparaffined tubes) and healthy cabbage 

 plants inoculated with these germs showed the 

 characteristic lesions of black rot in from one 

 to three weeks. 



The writers have also proved that germs of 

 P. campestris actually do occur on cabbage 

 seed. Four black-rot-infected seed-cabbage 

 plants from Long Island were threshed separ- 

 ately and the seed rinsed in sterile water. 

 Cultures of this water showed the presence of 

 P. campestris on three lots of seed. The 

 identity and pathogenicity of these cultures 

 were proved by inoculations into plants. 

 Other portions of the water were injected 

 directly into plants and black rot produced in 

 six out of twelve cases. On combining the re- 



* Russell, H. L„ a*d Harding, H. A., ' A Bac- 

 terial Kot of Cabbage and Allied Plants,' Wis. 

 Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 65: 19. 



