OCTOBEK 14, 1904.] 



SCIENCE. 



489 



student that there is something to be 

 learned outside bacteriology and anatomy, 

 and qualify him to dominate the mind as 

 well as the body of his patient, particularly 

 in a land and age when psychic and nervous 

 complications are more and more involved 

 in diseases. We should not forget the old 

 adage of Hypocrates, ' Godlike is the doctor 

 who is also a philosopher,' which will also 

 bear reversing, and if the psychologist does 

 not study very much anatomy, save the 

 brain and its general structure, the new 

 conception of which he should know, he 

 must give much attention to physiology and 

 have its latest results accessible. At least 

 the psychiatric clinic where nature per- 

 forms her tragic experiments should always 

 supplement those of the laboratory. 



All religions tend to decay, and must be 

 incessantly revived and newly dispensed 

 lest they become raucous and weazened in 

 dogma, conventionalized in rites and rit- 

 uals, and lose power over individuals, com- 

 munities and nations, and become divorced 

 from science and life. The multiform 

 symptom-groups of religious pathology are 

 a sad but fascinating chapter only just 

 beginning to be written. Sacrifice and to- 

 temism, the faith and prayer states of mind, 

 asceticism, renunciation, miracles of heal- 

 ing, psychology of sects. Sabbath, saints, 

 vows and oaths, the conviction of sin, con- 

 fession, ecstatic states, worship, the God 

 idea in its many forms, the relations be- 

 tween religion and morals— these and many 

 more old problems, as they begin to be re- 

 stated in psychological terms, beam with a 

 new light like the cherub faces in old can- 

 vases aAvaiting reincarnation, which they 

 must have if religion is ever to be again 

 made interesting and influential for, culti- 

 vated men. These themes demand a treat- 

 ment quite apart from any problems of 

 historicity and should especially be repre- 

 sented in our theological schools, whose 

 pupils ought to have some conception of 



what the soul they try to save is. Even 

 the so-called philosophy of religion repre- 

 sented by Ritschl and his divergent pupils 

 has not got beyond the restatement of 

 judgments of worth as suggested by Kant 's 

 practical critique. 



In fine, revolutionizing as the thesis may 

 seem to many, I believe psychology should 

 now be dominantly inductive and practical. 

 Even the old systems, grand as they were, 

 must, as I said, be treated as data of a 

 higher order, whose makers thought they 

 were doing one thing but turned out to 

 have done something very diiSerent. In- 

 stead of laying bare the constitution of the 

 universe they were only documenting their 

 own souls with unusual fulness for the 

 benefit of the future generalizer. Their 

 work, suggestive as it is, was precocious, 

 and their conclusions premature, and about 

 all of it must be done over again on a larger 

 basis of facts, and our watchword must be 

 not merely back to Kant or even Aristotle, 

 but back to a reexamination of the primi- 

 tive events of soul life, gathered by the 

 most systematic outer and inner observa- 

 tion, and even from history, literature, ex- 

 perience and wherever psychic life is most 

 voluminous and intense, pain, misery, fam- 

 ine, war, revolutions, shame, revivals, every 

 passional state in which Despine says all 

 vice and crime originate; love, fervid as 

 Dante knevy it, crowds, the struggles of the 

 individual soul with besetting sin, which is 

 the original form of dualism as experi- 

 enced from Paul and Augustine down to 

 poor Weininger, who lately shot himself 

 because he could not overcome the evil 

 within which his almost Maniehean system 

 set over against his ideals of goodness. 

 Especially as we advance from the study 

 of sense and intellect to that of the will 

 and feelings, the ansemic thinker, who can 

 realize in his own person so little of the 

 stormy life of man, must seek- every pos- 

 sible contact with it. He must live where 



