jSTovembee 11, 1904.] 



SCIENCE. 



631 



in which the mutual aid and protection 

 practised by animal bands plays an enor- 

 mously important part in the differentia- 

 tion of species and in the survival of those 

 best endowed with intelligence and sym- 

 pathy. There is, next, the stage of an- 

 thropogenic association, in which, through 

 unnumbered ages, the creature that was 

 destined to become man was acquiring the 

 distinctly human attributes of language 

 and reason. There is, later on, the stage 

 of ethnogenic association, wherein is 

 evolved that complex tribal organization 

 characteristic of savage and barbarian life. 

 Finally, there is the stage of civic or demo- 

 genic association, in which great peoples 

 outgrow tribal organization, and create a 

 political organization based on common in- 

 terests, irrespective of blood-relationships. 

 These categories of social fact have es- 

 tablished certain natural subdivisions in 

 social science. Corresponding to the his- 

 torical order we have, first, studies in ani- 

 mal sociology; second, studies of primitive 

 human culture ; third, the great sciences of 

 ethnography and ethnology, investigating 

 tribally organized mankind; and, fourth, 

 history, the narrative and descriptive ac- 

 count of the evolution of civil society. 

 Corresponding to the four great divisions 

 of phenomena in con temp oraueous society 

 we have, first, demography, or the study of 

 social populations; second, social psychol- 

 ogy, and the culture-studies of comparative 

 philology, comparative art, comparative re- 

 ligion, and the history of science, all of 

 which are investigations of the social mind ; 

 third, the political sciences, devoted to a 

 study of social organization ; and fourth, 

 such sciences of the social welfare as 

 political economy and ethics, the scientific 

 study of education, studies of pauperism 

 and criminology. 



Such being our conceptions of the nature 

 of society, and of the proper analysis and 



classification of social facts, let us pass on 

 to examine our concepts of the great proc- 

 esses of social evolution, and of the causes 

 in operation. 



"We accept the evolutionist point of view, 

 and regard all the transformations that 

 occur within any social group as a phase of 

 that ceaseless equilibration of energy tak- 

 ing place throughout the universe. Every 

 finite aggregate of matter is in contact or 

 communication with other finite aggregates, 

 no two of which are equally charged with 

 energy. From the aggregate more highly 

 charged, energy is given off to aggregates 

 that are undercharged, and in this process 

 the strong absorbs, or disintegrates, or 

 transforms, the weak. Every social group, 

 animal or human, since time began, has 

 been in ceaseless struggle with its material 

 environment and Avith other social groups. 

 Whatever has happened to it or within it 

 is most intelligibly accounted for if we 

 view the process as one of equilibration of 

 energies, between the group and its en- 

 vironment, or between group and group, or 

 between unequal and conflicting elements 

 within the group itself. 



The modes that this equilibration as- 

 sumes are many. 



There is, first, the external equilibration 

 of the society with its surroundings. This 

 gives rise to the processes of migration, in 

 which populations move from place to 

 place, in search of new food supplies. 

 Social groups are thus brought into con- 

 flict with one another, and the activities of 

 militarism are engendered. 



There is, next, a process of combined ex- 

 ternal and internal equilibration. Migra- 

 tion is its chief manifestation, but the mi- 

 gration is not now one of entire populations 

 organized for war and conquest. It is one 

 of individuals or families, moving from 

 land to land in search of economic oppor- 

 tunity or of religious or political liberty, 

 and its consequence is that exceeding 



