632 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XX. No. 515. 



heterogeneity of the demotic composition 

 which is seen, for example, in the popula- 

 tion of the United States. 



There are, thirdly, the processes of in- 

 ternal equilibration. First among these 

 is the differentiation of the mind of the 

 population, consequent upon some degree 

 of unlikeness and inequality in the re- 

 sponses of differing individuals to the com- 

 mon stimuli to which all are subjected. 

 This is followed by the segregation of re- 

 sembling products into types and classes. 

 Secondly, there is an evolution of the con- 

 sciousness of kind, with increasing atten- 

 tion to means of coinmunication and asso- 

 ciation. Thirdly, there is a struggle be- 

 tween strong individuals and weak, be- 

 tween leaders and followers, between strong 

 and weak classes. This eqiiilibration may 

 take one of three possible forms: (1) The 

 subjugation and perhaps the enslavement 

 of the weak by the strong; (2) economic 

 exploitation; (3) the uplifting of the weak 

 by the strong through education, justice 

 and economic aid. The moral advance of 

 society is a progress from equilibration 

 through subjugation and exploitation to 

 equilibration through uplifting, and it de- 

 -pends upon the broadening and deepening 

 of the consciousness of kind. 



A fourth phase of internal equilibration 

 appears in the struggle among differing 

 groups of the like-minded in the commun- 

 ity. Some elements of the population are 

 sympathetically emotional, or are alike in 

 beliefs or dogmas. Others are alike intel- 

 lectuallj', rationally; they attain agreei- 

 meut through deliberation. In every com- 

 munity the reasoning and the unreasoning 

 elements are in perpetual conflict. 



To the extent that the community is con- 

 trolled by its deliberative element, it ex- 

 hibits a policy — a more or less consistent 

 attempt consciously made to control its 

 destiny. In the history of human society 

 there have been three great groups of 



policies, namely: (1) policies of unification 

 — attempts to make all members of the 

 community alike in type, in belief and in 

 conduct; (2) policies of liberty— attempts 

 to give wide scope to individual initiative ; 

 (3) policies of equality— attempts to pre- 

 vent the disintegration of society through 

 an excess of individual liberty. The strug- 

 gle of conflicting interests in the commun- 

 ity, which these three modes of policy rep- 

 resent, is yet another form of internal 

 equilibration. 



To the extent that a policy of equality is 

 adopted, the community is democratic. 

 Political equality, equality before the law, 

 and some approach toward equality of 

 economic opportunity, are the essential ele- 

 ments of democracy. No sooner is democ- 

 racy evolved than we see a struggle between 

 the forces that make for absolutist, and 

 those that make for liberal, democracy. 

 Either the majority is permitted to rule 

 at will, or it is compelled to leave inviolate 

 certain rights of the minority and of indi- 

 viduals. 



The outcome of all equilibration, ex- 

 ternal and internal, is a certain relation 

 of the individual to the social organization. 

 In low types of society the individual lit- 

 erally belongs to the various social groups 

 in which his lot is cast. He belongs to 

 them for life. To leave them is to become 

 an outcast. He may not leave his clan, 

 his guild, his caste, his church, or his state. 

 In superior types of society we discover a 

 high degree of individual mobility com- 

 bined with a marvelous power to concen- 

 trate enormous numbers of individuals in 

 moments of emergency, upon any work 

 needing to be done. The individual may 

 go freely from state to state, from parish 

 to parish, in search of his ■ best economic 

 opportunity. He may sever connection 

 with his church to join another, or none at 

 all. He may be a director to-day in a 

 dozen corporations, and to-morrow in a 



