November 2, 1888.] 



SCIENCE. 



213 



their purpose. He is a firm upholder of the right of property, in land 

 as well as in any thing else ; but he would limit the amount of land 

 that a man might own. In reply to the objection sometimes urged 

 against land-reformers, that men will often refuse to take land 

 even when they can get it for nothing, he proposes that men with- 

 out means of support shall be compelled to go and settle on the 

 public lands in the West, the government to advance them the 

 necessary capital to begin farming with, the same to be paid for by 

 them in instalments. He would have arbitration by State officers 

 between labor and capital, but would not compel the parties in dis- 

 pute to accept their decision. He recommends some minor meas- 

 ures in the interest of the laborers, and favors profit-sharing and 

 co-operation. The combinations of capital known as • trusts ' he 

 regards with strong dislike, and would have them all abolished by 

 law. Such are the principal measures he proposes, and, except the 

 one about the public lands, they contain little that is new. The real 

 defect in them, as in so many others that have been proposed, is 

 that they overlook the moral and intellectual causes to which the 

 evils complained of are so largely due, and which cannot be re- 

 moved by legislation. We should add that a considerable part of 

 Mr. Gibbons'b book is taken up with a history of the institution of 

 property, which is not always up to the standard of the best schol- 

 arship, as, for instance, when he cites the early chapters of the 

 Pentateuch as historical authority. Indeed, the whole book gives 

 the impression that the author either lacks the ability or has not 

 taken the trouble to master his subject. 



Inebriety : t'/s Causes, its Results, its Remedy. By FRANKLIN D' 

 Clum, M.D. Philadelphia, Lippincott. 12°. $1.25. 



The author states in his preface that " the object of this book is 

 to give a clear, correct, and impartial description of drunken frolics, 

 their consequences, and how to avoid them. The subject is treated 

 from a scientific standpoint, and the drunkard is pictured in colors 

 that are true to life. His habits, his diseases, his misfortunes, his 

 miseries, are described exactly as we find them, and the easiest and 

 best way to cure and reform him is made known so simply and 

 clearly that all can understand." 



With the habits, diseases, misfortunes, and miseries of the 

 drunkard, we imagine that the readers of this book are as familiar 

 as its writer, and we therefore pass these subjects by ; but in the 

 cure and reform of the inebriate every one is interested ; and if, as 

 Dr. Clum states in his preface, he has found a way of accomplish- 

 ing this, he has done humanity a great service, and doubly so if 

 that way is an easy one. Of his ability to accomplish this trans- 

 formation he is evidently thoroughly convinced. In addition to the 

 quotation already made, he further says, " The most confirmed and 

 degraded drunkard can be reformed if the directions given in this 

 volume are carefully carried out. They can be carried out by even 

 the most poverty-stricken man, if there is an honest desire in his 

 heart to reform." 



The author's method of reforming the drunkard may thus be 

 concisely described. The first object.to be obtained, in all cases, 

 is the personal consent of the inebriate to assist in his own refor- 

 mation. He should carefully think the matter over, until there is 

 no lingering doubt in his mind about the injury alcoholic drinks are 

 doing him. He should understand the reasons, and all the rea- 

 sons, why they are not good for him. Then he should avoid the 

 thoughts, the persons, and the places that lead to the temptation 

 to drink, and frequent the places, associate with the persons, and 

 indulge in the thoughts, that lead away from the temptation. He 

 should keep busy at something that will occupy his close attention, 

 and not become discouraged and give up the struggle, even though 

 he should break his resolution time after time. When the resolu- 

 tion has been broken, he should carefully think the matter over 

 until he understands why he failed, so that he may be on his 

 guard against a recurrence of the same circumstance. Dr. Clum 

 especially insists upon the treatment of drunkards as matter-of-fact 

 men. and not as if they were the most demoralized, sinful, and 

 abandoned of men ; nor. on the other hand, must they be treated 

 as if they were objects of great pity. They will listen to philo- 

 sophical reasoning, to plain, unvarnished truth, but despise trickery 

 and hypocrisy. After intoxicants have been discontinued, steps 

 should be taken to restore the inebriate's health, and his surround- 



ings should be made sanitary. His occupation and residence may 

 often be changed with advantage. The views of the author, which 

 we have endeavored to give in a condensed form, are. of course, 

 fully elaborated in his book. He gives some sound advice to the 

 moderate drinker as well as to the confirmed drunkard, warning 

 him that he is in danger. He should remember that he has the 

 same failings, passions, and frailties as other men, and is subject 

 to the same physiological laws, disappointments, sorrows, and dis- 

 eases, and that it is absolutely impossible for a moderate drinker to- 

 tell with certainty whether he will become a drunkard or not. His 

 only safety is in avoiding intoxicants in toto. 



One chapter of Dr. Clum's book is so remarkable, that, although 

 we have already extended our consideration of his views more than 

 we had intended, we must take a moment to refer to it. In the 

 chapter referred to, which is headed ' The Inebriate Drunkard's 

 Guide,' the writer gives advice to the drunkard, so that while he 

 continues his habit he may do so with the least injury to his health, 

 and thus prolong his life. Whatever may be thought of the wis- 

 dom of this. Dr. Clum recognizes, that, despite all warnings, prot- 

 estations, pleadings, and tears of friends, many persons will continue 

 to indulge in alcoholic drinks. The rules which he lays down for 

 the guidance of such persons are as follows : i. Alcoholic drinks, 

 especially strong spirits, should not be taken on an empty stomach ; 

 2. Light, dry wine, beer, or ale should be drunk in preference to 

 strong spirits ; 3. Whenever disease exists, those wines should be 

 used which will create the least mischief, as, in gout, sherry or ma- 

 deira instead of hock and claret, or the best quality of light California 

 wines ; 4. Champagne should be preferred as usually the safest ; 

 5. Liquors should not be mixed. Other advice follows in reference 

 to bathing, and the care of the body and its functions. The author 

 is evidently aware that some persons may be tempted to make use 

 of the directions which he gives to continue the evil habit, and at 

 the same time to minimize its effects ; for he says that it is to be 

 hoped that those who have just started on their career as drunk- 

 ards, and are not fully initiated in the mysteries of Silenus, will not 

 attempt to follow these rules with the intention of being moderate 

 drinkers, thinking to escape the disastrous effects, the terrible pen- 

 alties, and the fearful evils of drunkenness. Moderate drinkers en- 

 gaged in business calling for judgment and acumen, end, with 

 scarcely an exception, as financial wrecks, however successful they 

 may be in withstanding the physical consequences of their indul- 

 gence. From a careful perusal of Dr. Clum's book, we infer that 

 he believes that an inebriate may be cured if he is determined to 

 reform, but that without this determination any attempt at refor- 

 mation will be a failure. 



Hand-Book of Moral Philosophy. By HENRY Calderwood. 

 14th ed. London and New York, Macmillan. 12". §1.50. 



The sale of fourteen thousand copies of Professor Calderwood's 

 • Moral Philosophy ' is pretty good evidence that it contains some- 

 thing of real value, and all who have read the book will agree that 

 this is the case. It is not, and does not profess to be, a great origi- 

 nal work, laying down a new theor)' of our moral nature or of 

 moral truth, but only a compendium of the best ideas of the intui- 

 tional school; and as such it is a decided success. It is much 

 superior to the ordinary ethical text-book, especially in depth and 

 closeness of reasoning. The author, too, though decided in his 

 own views, is eminently fair in representing those of his opponents, 

 and often keen and able in criticising them. The present edition 

 of the ' Handbook ' is largely rewritten, especially the chapters 

 dealing with the basis of morals, and those in which the author 

 criticises the Hegelians and the evolutionists. The chapter on the 

 ' First Cause,' too, is enlarged, which, from a literar)' point of view, 

 seems a mistake, as introducing matter not strictly ethical ; for, 

 though duties to God must obviously be treated in an ethical 

 work, the subject of the divine existence and attributes belongs to 

 another branch of philosophy. On the other hand, some topics are 

 not accorded the space they deserve, the chapter on ' Impulses to- 

 Action,' for instance, being by no means so full and elaborate as 

 would be desirable. On the whole, however, the work deser\-es its 

 reputation, and we are glad to see it appearing in a revised form, 

 better adapted to the wants of the present time. 



Professor Calderwood's philosophy, as we have already remarked. 



