SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XV. No. 362 



construction are abreast of the times, and fully satisfy tfie rapidly 

 increasing demand for them. 



In order to be a complete success, a direct driven fan should 

 possess high speed, ability to run continuously, and oft-times in the 

 midst of considerable dust, without the engineer's attention at any 

 regular time. These qualities seem to be fully secured in the fan 

 shown, which is made by the Buffalo Forge Company of Buffalo, 

 N.Y. 



CLARK UNIVERSITY.' 

 We are here to mark in a simple way, as befits its dignity, a 

 rare event, which we hope and pray may prove not only the most 

 important in the history of this favored city, bvt of forever grow- 

 ing significance for our state and nation, for culture and humanity. 

 Located, with great forethought, in a city whose culture ensures 

 that enlighted public sentiment so needful in maintaining the high- 

 est possible academic standards ; in a city whose wealth and good 

 will, we trust, are as fair a promise as can anywhere be given or 

 asked of that perpetual increase of revenue now required by the 

 rapid progress of science ; in a city central among the best colleges 

 of the East, whose work we wish not only to supplement but to 

 stimulate, whose higher interests we hope to serve, and whose 

 good will and active co-operation we invite ; governed by trustees 

 of eminence in the nation as well as in the state, who ask no sec- 

 tarian and no political questions of their appointees, whose influ- 

 ence without and whose counsels within are of inestimable and 

 well appreciated value ; consecrating ourselves to the toil of science 

 at an hour so peculiarly critical and so opportune in the university 

 development of the country, — I must believe that not only every 

 intelligent inhabitant of Worcester, but every unbiased friend of 

 higher education everywhere, will wish to add to our already un- 

 expectedly large endowment of public and private good will at 

 home and abroad, his and her hearty, ungrudging, and reiterated 

 God-speed. 



Just because, instead of the easy and wasteful task of repeating 

 what is already well done about us, we strive to take the inevitable 

 next step, and to be the first, if we can, upon the higher plane ; 

 because we must study not only to utilize all available experience 

 wherever we can, but to be wisely bold in innovations wherever we 

 must ; because there will be indifference and misconception from 

 friends who do not see all the importance of our work at first ; be- 

 cause there are difficulties inherent in the very nature of that work 

 itself as great as the work is needed, — we must go slowly and 

 surely, establishing but few departments at first, and when they 

 are made the best possible, adding new and most related ones as 

 fast as we can find the men and money to support them. We 

 must prolong the formative period of foundation, and must each 

 and every one realize well that we are just entering upon years of 

 unremitting toil, in which patience and hope will be tempered with 

 trial. But our cause is itself an inspiration, for it is in the current 

 of all good tendencies in higher education ; and of the ultimate 

 success of what is this day begun, there is not a shadow of doubt 

 or of fear. 



Our history begins more than twenty years ago, in the plans of 

 a reticent and sagacious man, whose leave we cannot here await 

 to speak of, who in affluence maintains the simple and regular 

 mode of life inbred in the plain New England home of his boyhood, 

 — plans that have steadily grown with his forture, and that have been 

 followed and encouraged with an eager and growing interest, which 

 extended to even minor items, by the devoted companion of his life. 

 Besides a large fund already placed to our account, he has given 

 his experience and unremitting daily care, worth to us large sums 

 in economies, and resulting in well-appointed buildings, and a 

 solidity of materials and a thoroughness of workmanship which I 

 believe are without a parallel of their cost and kind in the country. 

 Not only in the multifarious work of the university office, its methods 

 of estimates, orders, book-keeping, of individual accountability for 

 all books, apparatus, supplies, and furniture, but in the larger ques- 

 tions of university polity without and effective administration with- 

 in ; in the definition of duty for each officer, the strict subordina- 

 tion and the concentration of authority and responsibility sure to 



J Address delivered by President G. Stanley Hall at the opening of Clark Univer- 

 sity, Worcester, Mass., on Oct. 2, 1889. 



appeal to all who have the instinct of discipline, and which are ex- 

 ceptionally needful where the life of science is to be so free, and 

 the policy so independent ; in the express exemption, too, of all in- 

 structors who can sustain the ardor of research from excessive 

 teaching and examination, in the appointment of assistants in a 

 way to keep each member of the staff at his best work and to avoid 

 the too common and wasteful practice in American universities of 

 letting four-thousand-dollar men do four-hundred-dollar work, in 

 the ample equipment of each department, that no force be lost on 

 inferior tools, — in all these and many other respects, the ideal of 

 our founder has been to make everywhere an independent applica- 

 tion of the simplest and severest but also the largest principles of 

 business economy. 



As business absorbs more and more of the talent and energy of 

 the world, its considerations more and more pervading if not sub- 

 ordinating, whether for better or worse, not only the arts, the 

 school, the press, but all departments of church and state, making 

 peace and war, cities or deserts, so science is slowly pervading and 

 profoundly modifying literature, philosophy, education, religion, 

 and every domain of culture. Both at their best have dangers, and 

 are severe schools of integrity. The directness, simplicity, cer- 

 tainty, and absorption in work so characteristic of both, are setting 

 new fashions in manners, and even in morals, and bringing man 

 into closer contact with the world as it is. Both are binding the 

 universe together into new unities and imposing a discipline ever 

 severer for body and mind. When their work, purified of deceit 

 and error, is finished, the period of history we now call modern 

 will be rounded to completeness, culture will have abandoned 

 much useless luggage, the chasm between instruction and educa- 

 tion will be less disastrous, and all the highest and most sacred of 

 human ideals will not be lost or dimmed, but will become nearer 

 and more real. 



When one who has graduated with highest honors from this 

 rigorous school of business, after spending eight years of travel 

 abroad studying the means by which knowledge and culture — the 

 most precious riches of the race — are increased and transmitted, 

 and finding no reason why our country, which so excels in busi- 

 ness, should be content with the second best in science, devotes to 

 its services not only his fortune at the end of his life, but also years 

 yet full of exceptional and unabated energy, we see in such a fact 

 not only the normal, complete, if you please, post-graduate ethical 

 maturity of an individual business life, but also a type and promise 

 of what wealth now seems likely to do for higher education in 

 America. It is no marvel that our foundation has already been so 

 often, so conspicuously, and so favorably noted in authoritative 

 ways and places in an European land, where, if monarchy should 

 yield to a republic, university culture could not penetrate its peo- 

 ple as it now does. It is thus a more typical and vital product of 

 the national life at its best than are foundations made by state or 

 church in which to train their servants. In thus giving his fortune 

 to a single highest end as sagaciously and actively as he has ac- 

 quired it, may our founder find a new completeness of life in age, 

 which Cicero did not know, and taste " all the joy that lies in a 

 full self-sacrifice." 



The very word " science," especially when used in its relation to 

 business, is too often degraded by cheap graduates who are just 

 fit to look after established industrial processes, but are useless if 

 competition finds or needs new and better ones ; who certify to 

 analyses of commercial products that good chemists know are im- 

 possible ; who, if international competition in manufactures were 

 more free, would give place to better trained, perhaps German, ex- 

 perts still faster than they are doing ; who in criminal, medical^ 

 and patent-law suits often have the address to carry judge and 

 jury against far better chemists, but who have no conception of 

 the higher quality and more rigorous methods of their own sci- 

 ence ; who make chemistry, physics, and geology mercenary, culi- 

 nary, the servants instead of the masters of industrial progress 

 and the very " life-springs of all the arts of peace or war." This 

 evil, although so great and common that even the best men in 

 other professions too rarely see the high ideal culture-power of real 

 science, is yet only incidental and temporary. 



A good illustration of the high and normal technological value of 

 pure science is at hand in dyeing, one of the most scientific among 



