February 14, 1890.] 



SCIENCE. 



117 



fish from the ci'eek into the river. The upper portion of these 

 ■wooden structures has entirely disappeared in the long lapse of 

 time that has ensued since they were placed there. The edge of the 

 flats on which the stakes stood ' was covered with about two and 

 a half to three feet of water on the flood tide. At slack water it 

 forms a low mud-bank slanting toward the creek. Three differ- 

 ent stations - were located, probably all that exist, in the bed of 

 the creek refen-ed to. This opinion is based upon careful exami- 

 nations, made within the past four years, of nearly every inch 

 of gTound in the neighborhood of the wooden stake-ends, by 

 dredging in sections between certain points marked upon the 

 creek's bank. The imialements found in one of the stations are 

 genei-ally made of argillite, with a few of quartz and quartzite. 

 Some were very rude in character, and not unlike the palajoliths 

 found by Dr. C. C. Abbott in the Trenton gravels." Objects of 

 stone and pottery rather better in finish than those at station A 

 have been found at the two other stations, B and C. ' ' 



The remainder of my letter of November, 1887, is correct: the 

 other portions must be i-ead subject to the changes that this rep- 

 ■etition may suggest, which have been copied from a duplicate 

 letter made by me befoi'e sending it (in October, 1889) [1887? 

 — Ed.] to the journal referred to, for publication. 



A unique collection from the supposed aboriginal fish-weir 

 sites is now at the Peabody Museum, Hai-vard University, where 

 any one interested in the subject may examine them. Most of 

 the objects presented were collected by myself and friends, whose 

 names are attached to their specimens. Work was abandoned on 

 tlie locality two years ago, careful hand-dredging having ex- 

 hausted the relic-beds. Last summer the steam-dredge used in 

 deepening the creek's bed, so that sloops might approach the 

 brick-yard standing on its bank, uprooted the various stations, 

 A, B, and C, completely obliterating them. A few specimens 

 of interest were, however, secured by some of the workmen in 

 the brick-manufactory and myself. Some of these specimens 

 have been presented to the Peabody Museum, with letters from 

 the donors in regard to them. 



^ These had the alluvium excavated from around them, and were photo- 

 graphed in place, before removal. 



2 The term "station" was adopted at Professor Putnam's suggestion, be- 

 cause certain spots in the creek's bed, several feet apart, were found to yield 

 implements. 



3 It may be well to remark, that, since this letter has been published in the 

 American Antiquarian, implements of like kind have been found in the 

 bowlder clay at the brick-yard alongside of Naaman's Creek mouth. The 

 implements that were brought up by the hand-dredge at station A may there- 

 fore have been washed out of the brick and bowlder clay desosits, and scat- 

 tered among the alluvial deposits in which the wooden stakes were found. 



I hope this letter, giving a brief ri-sumi of the finds at Naaman's 

 Creek mouth, will cause all absurd romance in regard to pile- 

 dwellers on the Delaware to cease. If they ever did exist, I have 

 certainly failed to find any traces of such a people, and never 

 upheld any such nonsensical theories. Hilborne T. Cresson. 



Philadelphia, Feb. 6. 



Oscillations of Lakes (Seiches). 



The ten-minute wave that Mr. Ledyard reports on Cazenovia 

 Lake, N. Y., in Science of Feb. 7, is apparently an oscillation of 

 the same kind as those known in Switzerland by the name of 

 seiches. They have been minutely studied for Lake Geneva by 

 Professor Forel of Merges, Switzerland, who has written many 

 reports on his observations for the Archives des Sciences, about 

 1877-80. He regards them as wave-like oscillations, commonly 

 uninodal, of the whole body of water in the lake, produced by 

 external disturbance, such as an earthquake, or a change of 

 atmospheric pressure like that occurring in thunder-storms or 

 wind gusts. He finds that the full period of oscillation for the 

 uninodal wave is, '2,1 ~ Vgh, in which 1 is the length of the lake, 

 and h the depth ; that is, the velocity of the wave is proportional 

 to the square root of the depth. Sometimes the seiche is ti-ans- 

 verse, or from side to side, instead of longitudinal or from end to 

 end. In Lake Geneva the longitudinal seiche has a full period of 

 73 minutes, which, for the length of 73.2 kilometres, indicates a 

 mean depth of 114 meti-es. The ti-ansverse seiche oscillates in 10 

 minutes and 17 seconds, where the breadth of the lake is 13.8 

 kilometres, indicating a mean depth of 20.5 meti-es. These depths 

 agree well with the results of soundings. Similar phenomena 

 have been described for other Swiss lakes. 



Very little has been said about seiches in this country. Pro- 

 fessor John LeConte has called attention to the probability of 

 their occun-ence in Lake Talioe, and predicted their periods by 

 Forel's formula as 18 and 13 minutes {Overland Monthly, 1883) . 

 Science (May 7, 1886, p. 412) has a note on the seiches of Lake 

 Ontario, as observed by Rhodes at Oswego, N.Y., indicating a 

 period of about an hour. The lakes of central New York, near 

 Mr. Ledyard, afford the best possible oppoi-tunity for examination 

 in this regard. A simple self-recording apparatus to determine 

 the oscillations of water-level could be driven by an ordinary 

 clock; and a month's record from the end and the middle side of 

 a lake would probably suffice to determine its seiches with fair 

 accuracy. ' W. M. Davis. 



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