74 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XV. No. 378 



SCIENCE: 



A WEEKLY NEWSPAPER OF ALL THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. 



PUBLISHED BY 



N. D. C. HODGES, 



47 Lafayette Place, New York. 



SuBSOBiPTiONS.— United States and Canada $3.50 a year. 



Great Britain and Europe 4.50 ayear. 



Communioations will be welcomed from any quarter. Abstracts of scientific 

 papers are solicited, and twenty copies of tbe issue containing such will be 

 mailed tbe author on request in advance. Rejected manuscripts will be 

 returned to the authors only when the requisite amount of postage accom- 

 panies the manuscript. Whatever is intended for insertion must be authenti- 

 cated by the name and address of the writer: not necessarily for publication, 

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 ' ' Exchange " column is likewise open. 



NEW TOEK, May 3, 1890. 



CONTENTS: 



A Superior Akc-Lamp 267 



On the Use op the Phonocraph 



IN THE Study op the Lan- 



GDAGES op American Indians 



J. Walter Fewkes 867 

 Facts about Tornadoes 



H. A. Bazen 269 



The Makupacture of Ozone 272 



The Oil-Fields in New Zealand 272 



The Use op Oil 272 



Notes and News 



Editorial 



Professor F. H. Snow, the New 



Chancellor of the University of 



Kansas. 



Letters to the Editor. 

 Recognition by Young Children. 



J. Mark Baldwin 274 



Whirlwinds. M. A. Veeder 275 



EfBgy-Mound in the Valley of the 

 Big Sioux River, Iowa. 



T. H. Lewis 275 

 Gorse or Furze. J. E. McGinnis 275 

 Lightning-Discharge. 



S. T. Moreland 276 

 Sunspots and Tornadoes. 



James P. Hall 876 

 Book-Reviews. 

 Graphics, or the Art of Calcula- 

 tion by Drawing Lines 277 



Among the Publishers 877 



For SOME TIME PAST there has been a tendency in our colleges 

 and universities to select as their presidents men who have attained 

 eminence in special lines of research. This is notably true in re- 

 gard to the case of Presidents Jordan of Indiana, Schaffer of 

 Iowa, and Adams of Cornell. Another name may now be added 

 to the list. We refer to the recent selection by the regents of the 

 University of Kansas of Professor F. H. Snow, Ph.D., as chan- 

 cellor of that institution. Professor Snow was graduated at 

 Williams College in 1862, and afterwards prepared to enter the 

 Congregational ministry. He, however, soon showed a special 

 interest in natural history, and was elected a member of the first 

 faculty of the University of Kansas when it was organized, in 

 1866. For several years he taught a variety of branches, but as 

 the institution grew in strength he was enabled to confine himself 

 to a greater extent to the specialties in which he had the most 

 interest. He has been an indefatigable collector throughout the 

 Western States and Territories, paying special attention to en- 

 tomology. In honor of his distinguished services to the State, 

 the new natural-history building recently erected by tlie State was 

 named " Snow Hall." He has not only carried on the work of 

 instruction in his large classes at the university, but has found 

 time to make careful investigation in various fields of biology, and 

 to furnish much valuable material to current scientific literature. 

 Though a specialist, he is not a narrow man, but is well informed 



on the topics of the day. especially those that attract the attention 

 of the educational world. In all positions where executive ability 

 is required, he has shown himself eminently fitted for the task. 

 This appointment meets the hearty approval of the faculty of the 

 university, and of the people of the State. 



LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. 



*** Correspondents are requested to be as brief as possible. The wrtfer'a name 

 is in all cases required as propf of good faith. 



The editor will be glad to publish any queries consonant ttith the character 

 of the journal. 



On request, twenty copies of the number containing his communication will 

 be furnished free to any correspondent. 



Recognition by Young Children. 



One of the most obscure topics, as well as one of the most neg- 

 lected, of modern psychology is that of recognition. The ques- 

 tion, " Why is it that I recognize an image when it returns to my 

 consciousness ? " is usually passed over unobserved or intentionally 

 omitted in our general treatises. Experiments, however, upon 

 the question are forcing it upon our notice, thus doing a service 

 which we are coming to expect from the new method wherever 

 it is applied. 



I have recently advanced a theory of recognition,' based both 

 upon mental analysis and objective experiment,^ according to 

 which the feeling of familiarity called recognition arises from the 

 re-instatement of the apperceptive or relational process of the ear- 

 lier presentation. According to this theory, single unrelated 

 homogeneous images (bell-stroke, pure color) would not be recog- 

 nized, single complex images (human face) would be recognized 

 only in the degree in which the complexity had impressed itself 

 in the first perception, and clear recognition would arise only 

 when the relations attentively discerned were clearly brought out 

 in the rpproduced state. A further result would be that images, 

 when reproduced, would largely depend upon and re-enforce each 

 other in producing the feeling of familiarity. 



I have recentl.y had an opportunity to test a little child six 

 months and a half old, with these points in view, and the result 

 was quite instructive. Her nurse, who had been with her con- 

 tinuously for five months, was absent for a period of three weeks, 

 and on her return was instructed first to appear to the child sim- 

 ply in her usual dress, but to remain silent; then to withdraw 

 from sight, but to speak as she had been accustomeii to; and 

 finally to appear and sing a nursery rhyme, which by special care 

 the little girl had not been allowed to hear during the nurse's ab- 

 sence. The first result was thut the child gazed in a questioning 

 way upon the face, but showed no positive sign of recognition ; 

 yet the absence of positive fear and antipathy shown at first 

 l;oward the substitute nurse indicated that the visual image was 

 not entirely strange. Second, the tones of the nurse's voice were 

 not at all recognized, as far as passive indications even of famil- 

 iarity were concerned, —a result we would expect from the greater 

 purity and simplicity of the auditory images. The third experi- 

 ment was attended by complete and demonstrative recognition. 

 The visual (face) and auditory (rhyme) images must have re-en- 

 forced one another, giving again the old established complex ap- 

 perception of the nurse. 



As to the ultimate meaning of recognition, we are quite in the 

 dark: it is only its mental conditions that fall to the psychologist. 

 On the view given above, it would seem to rest in the active side 

 of our mental life, and to consist in the diminished expendi- 

 ture (whatever that is) involved in the repetition of an act of at- 

 tention. 



This case also shows, as far as any individual case can, that 

 images from different senses vary greatly in intensity in early 

 child-life, that they are not well differentiated from one another, 

 and that even at the very early age of six months special memo- 

 ries are becoming more or less permanent. 



J. Mark Baldwin. 



University of Toronto, April 23. 



I Handbook of Psychology: Senses and Intellect (New York, Holt), pp. 

 176-178. 



= Work of Lehmann, Philos. Studien, VI. 



