June 13, 1890] 



SCIENCE. 



363 



Triple Rainbo'w. 



Within a few months we have been twice favored veith the 

 following rainbow combination. In each case it occurred just 

 before sunset. Two complete arcs rested on the mountains on 

 one side, and descended into the valley of the Rimac on the other, 

 while in the centre was a complete circle of smaller size. The 

 point of observation (A) is 6,500 feet above sea-level. To the east 

 are mountain-ranges rising to the Cordillera in the background. 

 At the times of observation there were high clouds yielding a 



At a point an eighth of a mile nearer the sun, and hence far- 

 ther from the cloud, only the two superior arcs were visible. 



Mourtf Harvard, Peru, April 86. SOLON I. BaiLEY. 



gentle rain, by which undoubtedly the two ordinary arcs were 

 caused. At the same time, however, a low, light cloud was 

 drifting through the valley between A and B, and reaching 

 nearly to the observer. 



In this cloud the circle was formed. The indistinct shadow of 

 the observer's head appeared at the centre (O), and the lower part 

 of the circle was slightly obscured by the shadow of his body. 

 The colors of the circle were not so brilliant as those of the arcs 

 above. The circle also appeared less distant; but this apparent 

 diflference of distance was not so marked but that at first glance 

 the three bows seemed to belong to the same system. 



BOOK-REVIEWS. 



Pictorial Africa, its Heroes, Missionaries and Martyrs. New 



York, Fleming H. Revell. 4°. 

 Henry M. Stanley. By Arthur Montefiore. New York, Flem- 

 ing H. Revell. 16°. 75 cents. 



These two books, both of which are by English authors, are in- 

 tended as popular accounts of African discovery. The first, which 

 is anonymous, is to a considerable extent a compilation, and gives 

 a summary of most of the noted discoveries in the Dark Continent 

 during the past hundred years, from those of Bruce and Mungo 

 Park down to recent times. Stanley's work is but lightly touched 

 upon, while that of Livingstone is described at great length, the 

 compiler of the book being much interested in Christian missions. 

 The volume contains a good deal of information about the various 

 regions of Africa, their inhabitants and products; yet, as we have 

 said, the work is popular rather than scientific, and it has the 

 defects as well as the merits that popular books are apt to have. 

 It is illustrated with a large number of engravings. 



The little volume on Stanley's explorations is an abler work, and, 

 though intended for popular reading, gives, nevertheless, a very 

 good account of the various expeditions that Stanley has made, 

 and of their most important results. It opens with a brief history 

 of his early life, which shows clearly that the experiences he went 

 through in those days helped to train him in the habits of self- 

 reliance and ready resource that were afterward to be so useful to 

 him and to the world. His trips to Abyssinia, Persia, Coomassie, 

 and elsewhere are briefly noticed, and then begins the story of his 

 great discoveries on the Kongo and elsewhere, closing with his 

 arrival at Zanzibar with Emin Pacha. Mr. Montefiore's narrative 

 covers all the more important incidents of the various expeditions, 

 with special regard to their geographical and political significance, 



Publications received at Editor's 

 May 26-June 7. 



Dynamics, Syllabus of Elementary. Part I. Linear 

 Dynamics. Prepared by the Association for the 

 Improvement of Geometrical Teaching. London 

 and New York, MacmiUan. 39 p. 8°. 30 cents. 



Ellis, H. The Criminal. New York, Seribner & 

 Welford. 387 p. 18°. $1.25. 



FcLLERTON, G. S. On Sameness and Identity. 

 CPhilosophlcal Series, No. 1.) Philadelphia, 

 Univ. of Penn. 156 p. 8°. 



GoMME, G. L. The Village Commu-'ity. New York, 

 Seribner & Welford. 899 p. 12°. $1.25. 



Lankester. E. R. The Advancement of Science. 

 Occasional Essays and Addresses. London and 

 New York, MacmiUan. 387 p. 8°. $3. 



Maine, Fifth Annual Report of the State Board of 

 the State of, for the Fiscal Year Ending Dec. 81, 

 1889. Augusta, State. 304 p. 8°. 



Mineral Resources of Ontario, Report of the Royal 

 * Commission on the, and Measures for their 

 Development. Toronto, Out., Warwick & Sons, 

 Pr. 566 p. 8". 



Religio-Philosophical Journal. Vol.1. No. 1. w. 

 Chicago, J. C. Bundy. 16 p. f°. $2.60 per year. 



Sessions, F. C. In Western Levant. New York, 

 Welch, Fracker Co. 252 p. 12°. 



Thurston, R. H. Heat as a Form of Energy. Bos- 

 ton and New York, Houghton, Mifflin, & Co. 

 861 p. 18°. Sl-23. 



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PRACTICAL 



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