June 20, 1890.] 



SCIENCE. 



369 



typical of the people who built the "sacrificial mounds" and 

 "sacred enclosures" of Ohio; yet, according to Adair, the 

 Cherokees made pipes of precisely this pattern, as he says 

 "the fore part of each commonly runs out with a sharp 

 peak, two or thrae fingers bror.d and a quarter of an inch 

 thick, on both sides of theborl ■ -jgthwise; they cut several 

 pictures with a great deal of _ ■ " and labour." This seems 

 Bot only to connect the buildeis of these typical Ohio works 

 with the Indians, thus presenting a difficult problem for the 

 advocates of the above theory to solve, but forms another 

 strong link in the chain of Cherokee history we are trying 

 to follow. There are other difficulties in the way of this 

 hypothesis which our limited space will not permit us to 

 present. There are other questions, however, relating to 

 these enclosures, which require notice here, as they have 

 some bearing on the theory advanced in this paper, and 

 must affect to some extent the conclusions reached. 



This is probably implied in the Walam-Olum, where it is 

 stated that "the Talega towns were too strong." 



If the enclosures are defensive works, tbey present noth- 

 ing incompatible with the theory herein advanced, but 

 rather tend to confirm it. Even supposing they were in- 

 tended for sacred or superstitious uses, they must have been 

 constructed for the purpose of defending the gathered as- 

 semblies from sudden attack by enemies. Take, for exam- 

 ple, the Baum Works shown in Fig. 1, Plate XTX., of the 

 "Ancient Monuments," and copied in our Fig. 9. For 

 what purpose were the walls built, except for defence? Is 

 it to be supposed that they were intended solely as sitting- 

 places for the spectators? Those around the square alone 

 would have seated eight or ten thousand persons, and the 

 wall of the circle as many more; yet the remains present no 

 indications of an extensive village. We may also ask, with 

 good reason, why one enclosure was square and the other 



s irajtrated 

 VaghoTe ,^^ 



M. a. Spaer&l. fS46. 



'i--^'-- SCALE, 



^^i— -^— 1000 ft. to rnoTl. 



It is believed that the evidence presented will be accepted 

 as sufficient to j ustify the supposition that the Tallegwi of 

 tradition must be identified with the Cherokees, and that 

 they formerly lived in the Ohio valley. Having shown that 

 the people of this tribe built mounds in their historic seat, 

 and were in all probability the authors of the Kanawha and 

 Grave Creek works, it is reasonable to conclude that they 

 buDt mounds and constructed other works during their resi- 

 dence in Ohio. If this be admitted, their identification with 

 the Tallegwi would indicate that, during their long contest 

 with the Delawares and Huron-Iroquois, they built defen- 

 sive works, as it is stated in Heckewelder's version of the 

 tradition, that "the enemy [the Tallegwi] fortified their 

 large towns and erected fortifications, especially on large 

 rivers and near lakes, where they were successively at- 

 tacked, and sometimes by the allies" (the Delawares and 

 Iroquois). Although it is to be presumed that this is some- 

 what colored to conform to the interpretation of the narra- 

 tor or author, there can be little doubt that the Tallegwi 

 erected defensive structures in or-^^r to resist their enemies. 



circular, when the builders must have known that the latter 

 afforded the better chance of observing the ceremonies. Are 

 we to assume that different enclosures were made for the 

 different kinds of rites and games? The only reasonable 

 conclusion, even under the supposition that these were 

 "tabooed" or sacred places, is, that the walls were built for 

 defence, and, as Atwood judged from his discoveries, were 

 stockaded. But this brings up the inquiry, "Why were the 

 sacred grounds enclosed, while the village remained without 

 defensive walls?" 



Although it is not probable that all the mystery connected 

 with these structures will be explained away, yet the sup- 

 position that they were defensive works of people in the 

 same culture grade as the Indians simplifies the problem, 

 and enables us to present at least a partial explanation which 

 is consistent with other data susceptible of interpretation. 



Eeferring again to the Baum group shown in the figure, 

 what is more likely than that the square enclosed the village, 

 and the circle the maize-field? On the pyramidal mound 

 was the council-house, within and around which the cere- 



