June so, 1890.] 



SCIENCE. 



377 



instability, the peculiar combination of a kind of sentimentality 

 with apathy, — these characteristics seem to mark the criminal in 

 all countries; and interesting illustrations of these are to be found 

 in Mr. Ellis's book. Apart from the interest in the facts them- 

 selves, this study is important for the analysis of the factors that 

 cause crime. Is it biological, an atavistic reversal to outgrown 

 habits? Is it purely the anti-social instincts coming to the front? 

 Would not the hero of former days be regarded as a criminal to- 

 day? Such are the questions that arise when we pass from de- 

 scription to analysis. In this discussion the many points of 

 analogy between the criminal and the savage deserve especial at- 

 tention. The mental and moral habits present many points of 

 identity, and lead to the perpetuation of many customs, such as 

 the love of tattooing, the sudden breaking- out of excessive emo- 

 tions, the indulgence in orgies, and the like. There thus seems to 

 be marked out a class of recidivists, or backsliders, who are un- 

 able to keep up with the complex requirements of modern life, 

 and fall back into the habits of less civilized conditions. 



The practical bearing of this study is unmistakable. The com- 

 mon prison system, with the sentence meted out for the crime 

 and not for the criminal, is evidently unsuited to the needs of the 

 criminal classes. If the object is to restore these unfortunates as 

 far as possible to places in a social community, the treatment of 

 criminals must be a far dififerent one from that now in vogue 

 This sentiment is becoming more and more widely appreciated, 

 and some important reforms have already been put into practice. 

 Of these, the reformatory at Elmira is the most noteworthy, and 

 receives the place of honor in Mr. Ellis's chapter. Here, under the 

 indeterminate sentence law, a prisoner works out his own release, 

 and is prepared, by a carefully planned system of physical, men- 

 tal, and moral training, to fit himself for citizenship. The whole 

 man is considered, and the ideal is as different from the notion of 



punishment for the crime as it well can be. And this s.vstem is 

 avowedly based upon the anthropological and psychological 

 analysis of the criminal character. Practice necessarily hobbles 

 along after theory, but it is certainly high time that the discre- 

 pancy between scientific knowledge and legal practice be reduced. 

 In addition to the aspects of the 'criminal here lightly touched 

 upon, Mr. Ellis gives very interesting illustrations of less typical 

 points, such as their peculiar slang, their literary productions, 

 prison inscriptions, prisoners' views of lite and -religion, and the 

 statement of the case' from the criminal's point of view. The 

 volume thus fills a real need, and may be recommended to all 

 who have an interest in one or other of the many aspects of this 

 important study. 



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