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[Entered at the Posi-OfBee of New York, N.l'., as Second-Class Matter.J 



A WEEKLY NEWSPAPER OF ALL THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. 



Eighth Year. 

 Vol. XV. No. 386. 



NEW YORK, June 27, 1890. 



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THE OHEROKEES IN PEE-COLUMBIAN TIMES. 

 V. 



The close agreement between the testimony of the mounds 

 and the traditions of both Cherokees and Delawares is some- 

 what remarkable, and justifies us in believing that they have a 

 basis of truth. We are at least warranted in accepting the 

 theory that the first-named people formerly dwelt in Ohio, 

 and built some of the noted monuments of that State. The 

 number and character of the defensive works indicate that 

 there was a long contest and an obstinate resistance on the 

 part of the original inhabitants. The geographical position 

 of these works makes it apparent, as has often been remarked 

 by writers on this subject, that there was a pressure by 

 northern hordes which finally resulted in driving the inhab- 

 itants of the fertile valleys of the Scioto and Muskingum 

 southward. Some of these writers take it for granted I hat 

 they fled through Kentucky and Tennessee into the Gulf 



States, and became incorporated with the tribes of that sec- 

 tion. If this be assumed as correct, it only tends to con- 

 firm the theory of an Indian origin. 



A study, however, of the pipes alone, makes it evident that 

 this conclusion cannot be maintained. That the mound- 

 builders of Ohio made and used pipes is proven by the large 

 number found in the tumuli, and that they cultivated to- 

 bacco may reasonably be inferred from this fact. Although 

 varied indefinitely by the addition of animal and other fig- 

 ures, the typical or simple form in use among them appears 

 to have been that known at present as the " Monitor" pipe, 

 shown in Fig. 68, "Ancient Monuments," and Fig. 177, 

 Rau's " Archajological Collection of the National Museum." 

 The peculiar feature is the broad, flat, and slightly curved 

 base or stem, which projects in front of the bowl to an ex- 

 tent equal to the perforated end. This form is so peculiar 

 that it must be considered ethnic or local. However, as will 

 be seen by teference to the " Proceedings of the Davenport 

 Academy of Natural Sciences" and the "Smithsonian Re- 

 port for 1882," it is found in eastern Iowa and northern 



Illinois, and appears to be the only form found in that re- 

 gion: hence it cannot be considered local. 



Now, it is somewhat remarkable that nearly all the pipes 

 of this form and the modifications thereof, ending in the 

 modern form shown in Fig. 6, are found in a belt com- 

 mencing in eastern Iowa, running thence through northern 

 Illinois, eastern Indiana, southern Ohio, and thence bending 

 south through Kanawha valley, and ending in western North 

 Carolina. The first modification is seen in Fig. 8, and 

 found in Ohio, the Kanawha valley, and North Carolina; 

 the second, shown in Fig. 10, is found in Ohio and the 

 Cherokee district; the third, shown in Fig. 5, is found in 

 East Tennessee; and the last, shown in Fig. 6, is found in 

 the North Carolina mounds. 



Although specimens, chiefly of the first modification, have 

 been discovered in New York and Massachusetts, it is not 

 known that the " Monitor" or any of its manifest modifica- 

 tions prevailed, or was even in use, at any point south 

 of the belt mentioned. Pipes in the form of birds and other 

 animals are not uncommon, as may be seen by reference to 

 Plate 2XIII. of Jones's "Antiquities of the Southern In- 

 dians;" but the platform is a feature wholly unknown in 

 the Gulf States or middle Tennessee, as are also the deriva- 

 tives from it. 



This fact stands in direct opposition to the theory that the 

 mound-builders of Ohio fled southward across Kentucky and 

 Tennessee, and became incorporated with the tribes of the 

 Southern States, as it is scarcely possible that such sturdy 

 smokers as they must have been, would have abandoned 

 all at once their favorite pipe. The change, as it was in the 

 other direction, would have been giadual. This evidence, 

 however, has a very significant bearing on another point; 

 for, if the testimony introduced justifies the theory advanced 

 in this paper, then it is probable the Cherokees entered the 

 immediate valley of the Mississippi from the north-west, 

 striking it in the region of Iowa. This supposition is strongly 

 corroborated, not only by the presence of the "Monitor" 

 pipe and its derivatives along the belt designated, but also 

 by the structure and contents of many of the mounds found 

 along the Mississippi in the region of western Iowa and 

 eastern Illinois. So striking is this resemblance, that it has 

 been remarked by explorers whose opinions could not have 

 been biassed by this theory. 



Mr. William McAdams, in an address to the American 

 Association for the Advancement of Science, remarks that 

 "mounds such as are here described, in the American bot- 

 toms and low lands of Illinois, are seldom found on the 

 blufi's. On the rich bottom-lands of the Illinois River, 

 within fifty miles of its mouth, I have seen great numbers 



