38o 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XV. No. 386 



of them, and examined several. The people who built them 

 were probably connected with the Ohio mound-builders, 

 although in this vicinity they seem not to have many earthen 

 embankments or walls enclosing- areas of land, as is com- 

 mon in Ohio. Their manner of burial was similar to the 

 Ohio mound-builders, however, and in this particular they 

 had customs similar to mound-builders of Europe." Two 

 mounds in Calhoun County, 111., one of which was opened 

 by Mr, McAdams and the other by one of the Bureau assist- 

 ants, presented the clay mass in the regular form of the 

 Ohio "altar." But what is strange, though not without 

 parallel, is the fact that we find the structure and contents 

 of some of the eastern Iowa mounds similar to what is seen 

 in the Cherokee district of North Carolina and East Tennes- 

 see. Here, among other things, are seen the cubical piles 

 or "altars" of unhewn stone with bones about them, pre- 

 cisely as found in some of the North Carolina burial-places, 

 pottery bearing a strong resemblance to that of Ohio, and 

 mounds with stone strata. A mound in Franklin County, 

 Ind., described and Bgured by Mr. Homsher in the "Smith- 

 sonian Report for 1882," presents features strongly resem- 

 bling those observed in tumuli attributed to the Cherokees. 

 Here we see the rectangular heaps of cobblestones like those 

 in the North Carolina mounds, and stratification and ai'- 

 rangement of skeletons as in the East Tennessee mounds, 

 also the stone stratum observed in the Iowa works. 



Having now traced the tribe back to the western boundary 

 of the mound region, we are prepared to take a glance 

 downward along the line of migration, bridging by deduc- 

 tion such breaks as appear in the testimony. 



According to the data presented, we find them first on the 

 west bank of the Mississippi, a tribe of comparatively lim- 

 ited numbers, slowly extending their settlements or shifting 

 up or down the stream between tlie mouth of the Des Moines 

 River and what is now the northern boundai-y of Iowa. If 

 we may judge by their works, it would seem that it was 

 necessary only at this northern point of their extension to 

 fortify against enemies. A suggestion as to who these ene- 

 mies were will be offered a little further on. It is impossi- 

 ble to give any satisfactory estimate of the length of time 

 they occupied this locality; it was long enough, however, 

 for them to acquire certain peculiar customs, some of which 

 were not wholly dropped until they came into contact with 

 the whites many centuries later. It is possible that here 

 they began to build mounds, but explorations westward of 

 this area have not been carried on to a sufficient extent to 

 speak with certainty on this point. It was here, no doubt, 

 that the platform pipe with animal figures came into use. 

 The ornamentation of their pottery, and the forms of their 

 vessels, suggest the possibility of contact or intercourse with 

 southern mound-building tribes. There is also abundance 

 of evidence that they had acquired the art of manufacturing 

 cloth, and were acquainted with copper. The evident ad- 

 mixture, however, in these mounds, by intrusive burial, of 

 articles of more recent times with those of the original buri- 

 als, renders it somewhat difficult to decide positively as to 

 the advance made in art by this people while residing in this 

 locality. 



After passing to the east side of the river, it appears that 

 they moved some distance farther to the south, their utmost 

 limits in this direction being in Calhoun County, 111. The 



reason for this may have been the presence of the same ene- 

 mies who opposed their northward movement on the oppo- 

 site side of the river. Of course, without the knowledge of 

 all the mound testimony, any attempt to descend into details 

 of the movements of the tribe would carry us wholly into 

 the realms of speculation. 



All that the mounds teach us in regard thereto is the ex- 

 tent of the area occupied, and the encroachments of works 

 of other types which may or may not be contemporaneous. 



It is a fact perhaps worthy of notice, that, while the re- 

 mains of the effigy-builders on the west side of the river 

 reach but little south of the fortified point before alluded to, 

 they are found on the Illinois side as far south as the lati- 

 tude of Peoria. 



Passing on eastward, we next find indications of their 

 presence in eastern Indiana, whence it seems they gradu- 

 ally moved into central Ohio, finding, as we judge from 

 some works along the southern border of their line of 

 migration, some opposition. Their stay in this attractive 

 region must have been long, and for most of the lime a pe- 

 riod of peace. The reasons for this conclusion are, first, 

 the indications of the growth of the tribe, judging by the 

 number of works and the statements in the Delaware tradi- 

 tion, which imply that it had spread northward near to the 

 lakes; and, second, the localities of the defensive works, 

 which indicate that their chief contest was with a northern 

 foe. If the latter supposition be correct, it would seem to 

 imply that until this contest they had not found it necessary 

 to build defensive structures. 



These, of course, are speculations, and only advanced as 

 such ; but there is one thing in relation to their removal 

 from this region for which there appears to be historical, 

 traditional, and mound testimony, and which has some bear- 

 ing on the preceding suggestions. This is, that their de- 

 parture was in separate bodies, and at intervals of consider- 

 able length. 



That some were in their historic seat before the time of 

 De Soto's expedition, and possibly as early as the thirteenth 

 century, has been shown. On the other hand, we have the 

 statement of Bishop Ettwein, in a communication made to 

 G-en. Washington, that the last of them did not remove 

 from the region of Ohio until about the year 1700. We also 

 find in the mounds of Ohio indications of intercourse with 

 people residing in the mountain region of North Carolina. 



It has been objected, with some show of reason, that the 

 theory advanced in this paper cannot be correct, because 

 there are no such enclosures in North Carolina and East 

 Tennessee as those in Ohio, because no true "Monitor" pipes 

 have been found in the mountain section, and because no 

 engraved shells have been found in the Ohio mounds. The 

 first of these objections has already been alluded to; but we 

 may add, that this people found themselves able, in their 

 mountain fastnesses, to protect themselves against all their 

 Indian foes without erecting artificial defences. The second 

 objection, as we have already shown, is answered by a some- 

 what remarkable historical statement by Adair. When he 

 speaks of pipes "full a span long, with the fore part com- 

 monly running out with a short peak, two or three fingers 

 broad and a quarter of an inch thick, on both sides of the 

 bowl lengthwise,''^ he can refer to no other known pipe than 

 the "Monitor," or the very slightly modified form with 



