336 EET. J. T. GTJLICK ON 



made by parents or society, not througli being better fitted to tbe 

 environment or to the organized methods of co-operation and 

 assistance, but tbrougli being better able to overcome or outdo 

 their rivals of the same species. It results from the contest or 

 rivalry with each other of members of the same species that are 

 equally fitted to the environment and to the constitution of the 

 species, and the consequent failure of all that are not able to 

 cope with their kindred. " The law of battle " is a form of 

 Dominational Selection which Darwin emphasizes as having 

 great influence in determining what males shall have the best 

 success iu procuring mates. But there is a similar law deter- 

 mining what individuals shall obtain the resources furnished by 

 nature, or elaborated by parents and society. "We may have 

 Dominational Selection relating to sustentation, protection, and 

 nidification, as well as to the possession of females. And in 

 gaining a single end there may be a great variety of dominating 

 methods. Combat between males for the possession of females 

 is not found in the vegetable kingdom ; but the prepotence of 

 the pollen of certain flowers over that of other flowers of the 

 same race may play a similar role. 



Dominational Selection difters from Natural Selection in that 

 it does not depend on degrees of adaptation to the environment, 

 and from other forms of Reflexive Selection in that it depends on 

 a quite distinct form of the relationship in which members of the 

 same species stand to each other. It seems desirable that this 

 form of selection, which depends on adaptation for overcoming, 

 outdoing, or supplanting others of the same species, should be 

 clearly distinguished and named. We further note that there 

 can be no doubt that Dominational Selection acting for many 

 generations on sections of a species that are prevented from 

 intercrossing will in all probability follow somewhat different 

 lines. In other words, Independent Dominational Selection will 

 produce divercjcnt evolution. 



Institutional Selection is a form of exclusive breeding closely 

 related to Social Selection, but differing from it very much as 

 Artificial Selection differs from Natural Selection. Institutional 

 Selection is the influence of institutions, customs, and laws in 

 determining what classes of individuals have an opportunity to 

 marry and raise children. In most civilized countries criminals 

 convicted of important offences are so confined as to prevent their 

 adding to the population of the community during the time of 



