40 MK. E. J. TILLYAKD : LlFE-HlSTORIES AND 



beliind level of eyes, carrying hairs. La biu m with fairly broad and long 

 mentum, 6*5 by 4 mm., reaching to well beiweeu pro-coxse (Plate 6. fig. 2) ; 

 upper part of mentum carrying short downy hairs all over ; lateral lobes 

 short, carrying close-set hairs on the outer margin; movable hook 1*4 mm., 

 slender, pointed ; inner margins very finely denticulate or crenulate; apex 

 narrow, rounded, with very slightly nodding outer angle; median lohe 

 projecting very slightly, obtusely rounded off (Plate 5. fig. 2). Thorax. — 

 Prothorax short, 3'5 mm. wide, with projecting lateral spines; meso- nxyA 

 metatliorax 4 by 4'f) mm., rather small ; hind wing-case 5 mm., greatest 

 breadth 2 mm., tip broadly rounded. Legs of medium size, strongly built, 

 with femora irregularly roughened and flattened. Abdomen. — 15'5 mm. 

 long ; greatest breadth 5 mm. at segment 5 ; segments 8-10 very tapering ; 

 well rounded above, fairly flat beneath ; the whole dorsal surface finely 

 shagreened. No dorsal spines, but minute apical ridges carrying hairs on 

 segments 3-9. Segment 10 raised dorsally into a large blunt upstanding- 

 tubercle. Ap'pendages rather remarkable, the superior being a sharply down- 

 curved spine, not so long as inferiors and carrying above it a strong blunt 

 tubercle about midway (possibly this is the involucre of the male imaginal 

 inferior appendage) : the two inferiors are longer and stronger spines, 

 1'5 mm., only slightly curved inwards at tips, lying close together, carrying 

 underneath a few strong hairs or fine spines (Plate 7. figs. 2, 14). Involucra 

 of male superior appendages are straight spines 1 mm. long, lying at the 

 level and on either side of the superior larval appendage. 



Larval Type: c? , miique (Ebor, N.S.W., Jan. 6th, 1912). Coll. 

 TiUyard. 



This very remai'kable larval form is probably one of the most archaic 

 TEschnine types still in existence. In the slenderness of its thorax and 

 abdomen it may perhaps be considered specialized, but in the form of its 

 labium, with its narrow and finely denticulate inner margin of the lateral 

 lobes — which also lack the strong angulated and projecting tip of the more 

 specialized ALsclniince — it shows distinct relationship to Petalia, and hence 

 also to the Gomphiiue. The anal appendages appear to be specialized into a 

 strong united down-curving spine of great value to the insect for holding 

 tightly to twigs. But the most remarkal)le thing about it is undoubtedly its 

 preference for living out of the water. Possibly the fine warts and dots of 

 the shagreened skin support the openings of slime-glands, which may help 

 the insect to keep moist while out of water. An even coarser shagreening 

 is noticeable in the exuviaj of Austropetalia patricia, and it would be inter- 

 esting to obtain the living larva, and to see whether its habits are similar to 

 those of 2'elephlelna. 



It is very remarkable that two such archaic forms as Telepldehia and 

 Petalura should, in their larval stages, depart so far from the normal manner 

 of living in the water : the one preferring to live on twigs out of the water. 



