EXPLANATION OF FORM AND COLOaRING. 207 



lion or a leopard for my trials of the larger mammals, particularly of man, my 

 experiments with the flesh of whom were prompted by Darwin's admitted 

 difficulty in accounting for the smells of the different races and certain other 

 distinctive characteristics in man generally. I trapped for months, as did 

 very kindly my nearest neighbour, Mr. W. N. Odendaal. On one occasion 

 a leopard was actually caught, but had, when discovered, already found a weak 

 spot in the trap and was in the act of breaking out, so had to be shot. 1 

 intend to try again. The Herbivora used were domestic, and I had not time 

 before leaving Africa to complete the experiments. They are sufficient for 

 my present preliminary purpose. 



It will be noticed, finally, that though the experiments included in this paper 

 and those yet to be published are mostly and primarily preference experiments, 

 many defences other than "nauseousness^' have been tested, and, in special 

 connection with Mimicry, there have been numerous trials as to whether 

 animals are deceived by resemblances in their prey. Of the insects thus 

 used the following species have been beautifully figured by my gifted friend 

 Mr. H. Eltrinoham in his fine and useful book on ' African Mimetic Butter- 

 flies': Danaida chrt/sippus, L., with its forms alcippus, Or., and dorippus, 

 Klug ; Hypolimnas misippus, L., with its corresponding forms alcippoides, 

 Butl., and inaria, Cram.; Argynnis lii/perhius, L. ; Acrcea encedon, L., and 

 Mimacrcea marshalli, Trim.; Papilio (eonidas, F.,and P leonidas f. hrasidas, 

 Feld. ; Ajnauris ocMea, Boisd., Pseudacrcea lucretia f. expansa, Butl., and 

 Hypolimnas deceptor, Trim. ; A^nauris niaviiis dominicanus, Trim., and 

 Hypolimnas duhius f . loaldbergi, Wllg. ; Amauris albimacidata, Butl. ; and 

 Hypolimnas dubins f. mima, Trim. ; Aci'cea zetes acara, Hew., and Pseudacrcea 

 boisduvali trimeni, Butl. (figs. 9 and 10 of Plate 6 are most like the 

 individuals used in my mimicry experiments) ; Atetla 'plialantha, Drury, 

 Mylotliris agatliina, Cram., Bedenois thysa, Hopff., and Eronia argia, Fabr., 

 Pardopsis punctatissima, Boisd., and Pentila amenaida^ Hew.; Terias brigitta, 

 Cram., and Terias senegalensis, Boisd.; Nycldtona medusa, Cram.; and 

 Pap)ilio dardanus with its various mimetic females. 



But carnivorous and egg-eating animals were also somewhat strikingly 

 deceived by resemblances in their prey, and I have seen Herbivora obviously 

 deceived too — despite their sense of smell, which is not always used where 

 visual evidence seems convincing. 



The publication of the details of my experiments has been thought to be 

 perhaps unnecessary by one or two of my friends. To them I must still reply, 

 and I am glad to find that Professor Poulton fully agrees with me, that the 

 whole object of the investigation was to obtain that mass of actual evidence 

 for or against the selectionist views of animal coloration that has so far been 

 lacking, and which the opponents of those views have insistently, and very 

 rightly, demanded : that the mere statement of the experimenter's conclusions 

 is no evidence — only the detailed experiment, to be examined critically and 



