356 JOURNAL OF CONCitOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 12, OCtOSER, iQIi. 



Pupa anglica Fer., and the species characteristic of south-western 

 Europe — Hygrornia revelata Mich., Helix pisa/ia Miill., and Testacella. 

 Due perhaps to climate, or to a greater variety of habitat conditions, 

 we have as dominants at this day throughout Scandinavia such 

 species as Pyramidula rudeiata Stud, and Eidota friiticum Miill. 

 At Rosenland, in the province of Snialand — at a latitude correspond- 

 ing roughly to that of Edinburgh — we have such a species as Emi 

 fuontana Drap. This is hardly an isolated case, for instance, Claii- 

 silia rolphii Leach occurs in Southern Norway, and Clmisilia biplicata 

 Mtg. in the south-west corner of the peninsula. 



A very interesting study lies in attempting to determine the prob- 

 able origin of the Scandinavian fauna, and for a possible clue I have 

 been directing my attention to the distribution of the later Teutonic 

 species. Occurring in Southern Sweden and Eastern Norway— the 

 Germanic province — are Helicelia strigelia T)xa^., Clausilia pHcatiila 

 Drap., Clausilia diibia Drap., Clausilia cruciata Stud., and Clausilia 

 veiitricosa Drap. Southern Sweden has Hygromia bideiis Chem. and 

 Hygromia incarnata Miill. Certam of our own western or Celtic 

 species are entirely absent : — Hyaliiiia helvetica Blum, Zonitoides 

 excavains Bean, Hygivinia granulata Alder, and Pyramidula rupestris 

 Drap. Helicella striata Miill. is recorded only for Oland, an island 

 off the Swedish coast. The distribution of Torquilla avenacea Brug. 

 is of interest. Although recorded for the Kinnekulle Mountains near 

 Lake Venern in Southern Sweden, and for Gothland in the Baltic 

 Sea, the record here is Borgholm, Oland, 1880. 



The suggestion here, even if slight, of a Gothland land-bridge, is 

 not without a seeming support, if we study the maps appearing in 

 Mr. Taylor's Monograph on the British MoUusca. Hyalinia lucida 

 Drap. is recorded by Dr. \V^esterlund for Gothland and Calmar, and 

 again for Lund. This last, with which might be included Skane, 

 is so often an isolated record, that it suggests a separation from the 

 rest of Scandinavia, at one time, and a union through Denmark. 

 Hyalinia cellaria Miill. is in much the same position : recorded for 

 the province of Skane, South Finland, on the opposite or Russian side 

 of the Baltic, Gothland, Calmar, and Carlskrona. Hyalinia alliaria 

 Miller has a similar distribution. Pyramidula rotundaia Miiller 

 under such an hypothesis has a distribution quite intelligible. Re- 

 ported as inhabiting Finland, it occupies also a tract across Central 

 Sweden, and is recorded for both islands, Gothland and Oland. 

 Helix hortefisis Miiller occupies the Baltic provinces, is recorded for 

 Gothland, and has perhaps thus spread westward through Central 

 Scandinavia. Helicigona lapicida L. is recorded for Poland and Fin- 

 land, and probably inhabits the Baltic provinces ; it is reported also 



