MAYER: COLOR AND COLOR-PATTERNS. 207 



the rufous and yellow have become transparent. The middle and 

 outer yellow areas have also fused into a large transparent patch. 



Ithomia sao (Fig. 52, Plate 4) is another good example of the 

 Ithomia type. In this particular species the " inner black " of the 

 fore wing is absent, and the "middle black band" of the hind wing 

 has disappeared. When we come to consider tlie other Ithomias, 

 we shall find that in this genus it has probably fused with the 

 marginal black of the hind Avma;. 



I have made a record of the col or- variations that affect the 

 various characteristic areas just considered, and have recorded them 

 for every one of the species of the Danaoid and Acraeoid Heliconidae 

 known to me. As these records are too extensive for convenient 

 inspection, I have condensed the results, and they will be found 

 in Tables 1-27 inclusive. Thus, Table 1 gives the variations in 

 color of the "inner rufous" area of the fore wing for each genus 

 of the Danaoid Hehconidae ; Table 2 records the variations of the 

 "inner black "; Table 3 the "inner yellow" area, etc. In Table 1 

 we find, for example, opposite the genus Ituna, the number 2 in the 

 column labeled " transparent." This indicates that in two species of 

 Ituna the " inner rufous" area is transparent. 



In order to facilitate the study of the color-patterns Dr. Daven- 

 port suggested that I make use of the ingenious projection method 

 invented by Keeler ('93). This method consists in "squaring the 

 wing " in the manner shown in Figs. 4 and 5 (Plate 1) . In Fig. 4 

 the large rectangle (A, B, C, D) just at the right of the figure of the 

 hind wing represents a kind of Mercator's projection of the wing 

 itself. The nervures 1% l*", 2, 3, etc., are represented by the 

 vertical lines 1% 1^ 2, 3, etc., on the rectangle A, B, C, D. In cells 

 I', P, and I*", (bounded by nervures 1% 1^ and 2,) one finds a 

 sinuous line winding across the middle of the cell. This line 

 appears in the same relative position upon the rectangle A, B, C, D. 

 The same is true of the eye-spot found in the cell bounded by 

 nervures 2 and 3, and of all the other markings of the wings. 

 The central cell of the wing itself is shown projected in the dotted 

 rectangle E, Y, G, H. 



In the case of the /'ore wing (Fig. 5), the central cell of the wing 

 is dotted, and is shown projected upon the similarly dotted area 

 within the rectangle I, J, K, L. In other respects the method of 

 projection is the same as in the case of the hind wing. 



In this manner the colors displayed by various species of Danaoid 



