MAYER: COLOR AND COLOR-PATTERNS. 211 



from an albinic sport of H. sara. In H. galanthus (Fig. G3) 

 the white areas have greatly increased in size, and the iridescent 

 bhie has become much Hghter. In H. charitonius (Fig. 64) we 

 lind the wings crossed by yellow spots and bands, but in some speci- 

 mens thL< yellow color exhibits a decidedly reddish tinge. The figure 

 of H. charitonius in Staudinger's "Exotische Schmetterlinge " illus- 

 trates this peculiarity ; indeed, spots which are commonly yellow are 

 often found red, and vice versa. In H. phyllis (Fig. (35) we find 

 along the upper part of the diagram of the hind wing a yellow mark- 

 ing, and a similarly shaped red mark is found in its near ally, H. 

 thelxiope (Fig. 73, Plate 6). The same is also true of H. ricini 

 (Fig. 6G, Plate 5). 



H. erato (Figs. 67 and 68, Plate 5, and Fig. 60, Plate 4) is very 

 remarkable, for there are no less than four distinct color-types 

 exhibited by different individuals of this species ; one of them (Fig. 

 67) shows the basal half of the hind wing marked by six red tongues 

 of color edged with iridescent blue, and there is a dark rufous 

 suffusion upon some parts of the fore wing. In other specimens 

 (Fig. 68) the red tongues of color which characterized the hind wing 

 of Fig. 67 are almost absent, and only the blue iridescence is left ; 

 also there is no rufous to be seen upon the fore wing. In another 

 type the blue iridescence of the hind wing has become green, and in 

 still other specimens the yellow stripes upon the fore wing have 

 become Avliite. 



As one looks over the diagrams upon Plates 5-8, it becomes evi- 

 dent that yellow frequently changes to white, for we often find one 

 or two species of a genus which exhibit Avhite spots identical in shape 

 and position with spots which are yellow in most of the others. Good 

 examples of this are H. antiochus (Plate 5, Fig. 62), Melinaea 

 parallelis and Ceratinia leucania (Plate 7, Figs. 82 and 83) ; likewise 

 the white spot near the outer apex of the fore wing in H. eucrate 

 (Plate 8, Fig. 91), which is yellow in many individuals. Yellow 

 areas are also frequently changed to rufous or red ; thus the yellow 

 basal half of the hind wing of H. eucrate (Plate 8, Fig. 91) is often 

 found of a rufous tinge in individual specimens of the species, and 

 among the specimens of this species in the Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology one can trace a gradation of this area from bright yellow 

 to rufous. II. Claudia (Plate 5, Fig. 69) is introduced in order to 

 exhibit some of the differences between the " Sylvanus " group, to 

 which it belongs, and the "Antiochus" and " Erato" groups. 



