ZOOLOGY AND EOTANYj MICKOSCOPY, ETC. 51 



light. Two wires from a powerful galvanic battery were applied to 

 that part of the preparation where the author believed there were still 

 remains of nerves, but without thereby causing any alteration in the 

 intensity of the light. He then closed the preparation by applying 

 Canada balsam to the edges of the ring and fixing a cover-glass. 

 After this the organ continued shining for a quarter of an hour. A 

 quarter of an hour later he warmed the preparation to about 50° C. 

 ( = 112° F.), and then the luminosity gradually became fainter, 

 passing finally into a yellow flicker like that of touch-wood, and then 

 ceasing. On opening the cell and moistening the preparation with a 

 drop of water, the luminous organ in about five minutes showed a 

 faint green luminosity, and an hour after the dissection it still shone 

 with a dull green light. 



Testes of Lepidoptera.* — In the 150 varieties examined by 

 Cholodkovsky, he found that each of the two vasa deferentia carried 

 four seminal follicles. These latter were either quite distinct, or 

 else united by a more or less definite investment into a pair of testes 

 or even into a single testis, which may, or may not, retain traces of 

 a primitive bilateral stage. 



Each seminal follicle shows, in typical development (e.g. in 

 Papilio Machaon or the pupee of Vanessa urticce), the following 

 four membranes, commencing from without, (1) the common mem- 

 brane formed of tracheae in part fused into a chitinous invest- 

 ment, (2) a separate membrane, formed from the fat-body, proper 

 to each follicle, (3) a similarly separate chitinous coat, rich in trachea, 

 and (4) the membrana propria, a delicate, structureless, transparent 

 membrane which is not pierced by the tracheae. 



In conclusion, M. Cholodkovsky lays down the following fourfold 

 division of Lepidoptera, according to their testicular characters : — 



I. Embryonic ov primitive type, with two testes, with quite distinct 

 seminal follicles, e. g. Hepialus Jiumuli. 

 II. Larval or caterpillar type, with two testes whose four follicles 

 are inclosed in a common investment, e. g. Bomhyx Mori. 



III. The chrysalis or pupa type (so called because it is first seen 

 in pupae) with an unpaired testis, showing externally a median 

 furrow, e. g. Lyccena. 



IV. The definitive or imago type, with an unpaired testis, unfurrowed 

 externally in the middle line, within which the follicles are, as 

 a rule, coiled about the long axis of the testes. This type is 

 common to the majority of Lepidoptera. 



MalpigMan Vessels of Lepidoptera.! — N. Cholodkovsky, by way 

 of supplement to a previous paper | describes the anatomy and meta- 

 morphoses of the Malpighian vessels of Lepidoptera. 



The caterpillar of Tineola hiselliella has the normal number of six 

 Malpighian vessels. In the chrysalis stage, however, these vessels, 

 except their basal trunks, undergo fatty degeneration and totally 



* Zool. Anzeig., vii. (1884) pp. 564-8. 

 t Comptes Eendus, xcix. (1884) pp. 816-9. 



i Ibid., xcviii. (1884) pp. 631-3. See this Journal, iv. (1884) p. 373. 



E 2 



