452 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 



flaf^ellnm longer than has the female ; to this Weher adds that it is 

 provided with a large number of extremely long olfactory clubs; as 

 the creature is blind there can be little doubt that the function of 

 these organs is to enable the male to find the female. 



Paranthura hrachiata is an example of a species that is probably 

 circumpolar in its area of distribution. 



Morphology of Cyclops and Relations of the Copepoda.* — Prof. 

 M. M. Hartoc gives a full anatomical description of Cyclops brevi- 

 cornis Clans, worked out in great part by the method of sections. 

 The chief new points made out are as follows : — In the skeleton a 

 free entosternite is demonstrated in the maxillary region, and homo- 

 logized with the tendon of the abductors of the valves of the bivalve 

 Entomostraca. A large postmaxillary apodcme in all Copepoda gives 

 attachment on either side to the great flexors of the trunk. A spring 

 arran"ement is shown to relax the flexed male antennule used as a 

 clasper. Pore-canals, cells, or cutaneous glands each receive a nerve- 

 fibre at their proximal end. The hyodermal cells have a polygonal 

 outline. 



Under the mesoblastic tissue, Fric's discovery of amoeboid 

 ccelomic corpuscles is confirmed. The apparatus of deglutition is 

 fully described, and the author has made out a pair of salivary 

 glands in the epistoma, whose ducts join to open on the back of the 

 labrum by a median pore. In connection with the alimentary canal, 

 the mechanism of circulation and anal respiration is described, the 

 efficiency of the latter being strongly maintained. 



The kidney, or " shell-gland," is shown to be a simple, much- 

 coiled tube, with chitiBOUS lining, opening at the base of the outer 

 maxilliped. Incidentally the presence of this organ is noted in 

 several divisions of the marine Copepoda, and the author suggests 

 that it is identical with the " antennary gland " of similar structure 

 of the Naupliiis larva, which would have shifted its aperture. 



A full description of the nervous system follows. The presence 

 of ganglion-cells in the circumoesophageal cords is noted, and used 

 as an argument for regarding the (2nd) antennae innervated therefrom 

 as oral rather than postoral appendages. 



The presence of corneal facets to the lateral ocelli is noted, and 

 an attempt is made to connect what the author has described else- 

 where as auditory organs with the unicellular pore-canal glands. 



The views of Gruber on the reproductive organs are confirmed. 

 The sexual ducts are described as outgrowths from the sexual glands, 

 themselves derived from a pair of cells of the serosa of the gut of 

 the Nmplius as stated by Fric. About thirty-two spermatozoa appear 

 to be formed from each male ovum or spermatospore. The author is 

 inclined to accept Gruber's view that the expulsive bodies of the 

 spermatophore are a second form of spermatozoa. 



The author then proceeds to a discussion on the position of the 

 Copepoda. He adduces the following points : — 



* Jouri). Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) xviii. (1885) pp. 332-3 (Abstract), Com- 

 plete paper with plates will appear in the Transactions. 



