286' MESSRS. B. C. A, ^VI^'DLE AND F. G. PARSOXS OX [jSToV. 3, 



erest. In the Hippopotamus (1) and Pig (4) it is very large, and 

 in the former reaches back as far as the 1 0th thoracic vertebra ; 

 in the Pig it is divided into a central and latei-al bundle, the 

 former of which corresponds to the biventer cervicis of other 

 mammals although no central tendon is present. In the Camel 

 (18), Giraffe (33), and Chevrotain (20) the biventer forms the 

 greater pai-t of the muscle and is i-eally a biventer. In the Ox 

 (36, 37), Sheep (41, 44), and Antelope (55) the two bundles are 

 present, but the inner or biventer does not deserve its name as 

 it has no central tendon. In the Horse (63, 67) the two parts 

 are present, and four oblique myocommata are found intersecting 

 one or both. In the Tapir (55) Murie makes no mention of a 

 biventer, though he certainly knew of the existence of such a 

 muscle. In our own Tapir unfortunately the deep neck-muscles 

 could not be examined. In our specimen of Hyrax (75) the 

 muscle was composed of three distinct parallel bundles ; of these 

 the innermost was continuous with the longissimus dorsi, the 

 middle rose from the anterior thoracic transverse pi-ocesses, while 

 the external came from the articular processes of the hinder 

 cervical vertebras. All three were inserted together into the 

 occipital bone, and a single myocomma was present in each of the 

 external and internal bundles though not opposite one another. 

 This description differs a good deal from that of Mivart and 

 and Murie (XXIY.) in the Hyrax ; the arrangement they found 

 differs so much from that of any other ungulate that we fancy it 

 must have been abnormal. 



The Midtifidus sjmice, Inter spinales, and Intertransversales show 

 nothing of special importance. The description in Man applies 

 to them veiy well. 



Suhoccipital Muscles. — These have the usual mammalian 

 arrangement : the posterior (infeiior) oblique is very massive, and 

 the rectus capitis dorsalis (posticus) major, as is so frequently the 

 case, is a double muscle consisting of an external and an internal 

 part ; the latter Lesbres (V.) calls rectus capitis posticus medius, 

 and he says it is always present in Ungulates. Meckel (VII.), 

 however, says that in the Sheep only a single muscle is present, 

 and we are so far inclined to agree with him that in our speci- 

 men (46) we found the separation a very arbitrary one. 



The Rectus capitis dorsalis (posticus) minor and lateralis are of 

 fair size and have the attachments as in Man. 



Triangularis stei^ni. — This muscle, as Lesbres (Y.) remarks, is 

 better developed in the Ungulates than in Man. Its oiigin is, 

 as usual, from the caudal portion of the dorsal surface of the 

 sternum. In the Chevrotain (20), Duiker-bok (54), and Horse 

 (63) it is inserted from the 2nd to the 8th rib, in the Harnessed 

 Antelope from the 2nd to the 9th. 



Diaphragm. — This muscle in Ungulates differs in a good many 

 respects from that of Man. The costal origins usually come from 

 about half the total number of ribs, and where they are inserted 

 into the central tendon each digitation can still be distinguished, 



