HOW A iM.ANr (ills orr oi- iHK .si:ki). 



13 



llesby bodies, the seed leaves or cotyledons, and a ridge may be 

 made out. Now separate the seed leaves. At one end of the 

 bean is a pointed body, the first root of the plant ( or radicle), 

 below it and connected with a pair of small leaves is the first stem 

 (or caulicle). Fig. 3. The small leaves (or plumule) are snugly 

 j:c,cktd beiT, etn the two seed leaves. Here, then, is the begin- 

 ning" of a plant. 



2. PEA. \\'e will now study the pea in the same way. 

 In the majority of cases the skin of the pea is roughened and 

 close inspection will show an elongated body on one end of 

 the seed, (the caulicle and radicle. ) With a little magnifving lens 

 you will be able to make out the elevated processes which have re- 

 ceived the name of arillate processes as in the bean occurr on the 

 other end of the hilum away from the micropyle. Fig. 4. The 

 two cotyledons are round and fleshy, never 

 elongated as in the bean. The plumule 

 between the cotyledons consists of small 

 scale- like leaves. Fig. 5 . 



Figure 4. 



Seed of pea more or 

 less wrinkled '' hllum. " 

 opening intosjjd. ' small 

 processes arillate. 



Figure 5. 



Seed of pea unfolded 

 showing plumule /, and 

 radicle ' , and inital stem 

 or caulicle at <^'. 



3. APPLE. Apples are easily obtained and are interesting objects for 

 chdd study. The brown seeds of the apple are very different in shape 

 to the pea or bean. Fig. 6. One end is 

 pointed. The large end usually has a small 

 beak like projection which is connected with 

 a small ridge that comes from the base of the 

 seed. You will observe that the seed is flat 

 on one side and rounded on the other. Flat- 

 tened on one side because each small com- 

 partment of the apple has two seeds which 

 are pressed together. The small seed-scar 

 occurs in a slight hollow at the pointed end 

 Seed of apple, the notch of the Seed. The covering of the seed ( or 



where it was attached. j ^\ i , , , 



seed coat) can be removed by carefully 

 cutting the upper part of the seed-leaves. It can then be pulled off. 

 You will notice that the coat can then be separated into two parts. 

 The outer part is of a leathery nature and brown in color, the 

 inner part is nearly colorless and not nearly so tough. The lower 



