THE NORTHERN PACIFIC ROUTE. 157 
For a number of years the hunting and trapping of fur-bearing 
animals was the chief occupation, but gradually the forest was cleared 
away and farms established. From the necessity of getting rid of the 
heavy forest developed the lumber business, which from the earliest 
settlement down to the present time has been the leading industry 
of the State. In 1909 the value of the timber and lumber products 
was $89,000,000. 
Agriculture at first flourished only along the Sound, west of the Cas- 
cade Mountains, where rain is abundant; and the eastern, semi- 
arid part of the State was utilized only for the grazing of cattle, 
horses, and sheep. Recently much of the land in the Yakima and 
Wenatchee valleys and along the Columbia has been reclaimed by 
the construction of irrigation works, and now it is renowned the world 
deposits in productiveness and value. 
Since 1903 the district has produced con- 
siderable copper and of late years in- 
creasing quantities of zinc 
The production of Shoshone County 
(which is practically that of the Coeur 
d’Alene district) for 1913 was as follows: 
Gold, $81,749; silver, 9,337,109 fine 
ounces; copper, 5,097,894 pounds; lead, 
296,740,946 pounds; and zinc, 21,415,565 
pounds, valued in all at $20,767,410. 
The total value of all the metals produced 
in the district since mining b is ap- 
ductive of lead-silver ore during the past 
are the Bunker Hill and Sulli- 
gross value of about $11,000,000. 
The rocks in which the Ceeur d’ Alene 
ores are found belong to the Belt series. 
These beds in the Cceur d’Alene district 
ersed by great cracks or fissures along some 
of the deposits of ore, an uneven layer o 
rock, probably some thousands of feet in 
thickness, was gradually removed by the 
action of weather and s . This 
erosion exposed the once deeply buried 
| this district invariably contains some sil- 
luster associated with 
sociated with gal 
of the ore, is siderite (carbonate of iron). 
The ores, as mined, carry, as a rule, 
from 5 to 50 per cent of lead and from 
3 to 45 ounces of silver to the ton. All 
but the highest grades are concentrated 
in the district, by milling, to a product 
containing about 50 per cent of lead 
and from 15 to 55 ounces of silver to the 
ton, 
