180 GUIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 
the north, like the formations observed in the canyon, and it forms 
the southward-facing slope of the great ridge on the right. The red 
rocks on the mountain side on the left are the Teanaway basalt, 
which underlies the Roslyn formation and is of Eocene age. The 
layers of basalt in this mountain are not horizontal but are turned 
up on edge, so that the relation of the Teanaway to the Roslyn is not 
apparent. 
The valléy here was formerly covered with dense forest, in striking 
contrast to the valley lower down, where there were few trees of any 
kind until the country was settled. 
Near Clealum a heavy-bedded white sandstone, underlying some 
coal beds, dips to the south with the same slope as the side of the val- 
ley, and consequently it covers the entire hillside. 
Clealum, Three coal tipples are in sight from the train. Some 
Elevation 1,920feet. coal is produced here, but most of it comes from 
St Pauli svi, mines farther from the main line of the railway, 
From Clealum a branch line leads to the right to 
Roslyn, where are situated the mines of the Northern Pacific and 
also of companies that are mining coal for sale. The Roslyn coal 
field is one of the most valuable in the State. It has made its reputa- 
tion largely because of the cleanness of the coal and its good quality 
for steam raising and for domestic use. The Northern Pacific Co. 
uses the coal mined here for all its locomotives and stationary engines 
between the Stampede tunnel on the west and Butte and Helena on 
the east. Clealum has also been the supply point for the three 
principal gold-mining districts in central Washington. 
high point. The difference in the form of | eroded in the uplifted mass, and the pin- 
the two peaks is due to differences in | nacles and towers of the jagged crest of 
d in mode of i Mount Stuart have been formed merely 
Mount Stuart consists of a grea by the removal of adjacent material. 
granite which long ago was rae up 
through the rocks from below but prob- 
i never r reached t the surface. ore | mountain of erosion. No better repre- 
Tertiary ti this great mass, together | sentatives of the types could be found 
with the surroun 0 and | than these two peaks of the Cascade 
ding sedime: 
igneous rocks, was deformed by earth 
movements and possibly was uncovered e coal-bearing rocks of the Roslyn 
and carved into mountains, though the | field lie in an open trough or syncline, the 
axis of which extendsin a northwesterly 
direction parallel with the main valleys 
owing to its hardness was left projecting 
about 1 000 feet above the plain, cas 
Tertiary time the Cascade Range w 
formed by a great uplift of the rocks, 860 
_ then the streams began their present work 
of cutting it away. Great can yons were 
3,000 feet thick, but the coal occurs in 
the upper part alone, and for this reason 
th, 7% 9 ee 4 ra than 
the formation which carries them. So 
far as known they are restricted to an 
area about 7 miles long by 34 miles wide, 
