72 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. (January, 1913. 
The littoral sponges (of which N. mappa was very, and Z 
fluviatilis syriaca fairly, common in October, 1912) were found 
without exception either on the lower surface of stones of large 
or moderate size or, much more rarely, on the upper surface of 
small stones covered and protected by large ones. Only one 
specimen of N. reversa was preserved, but I did not distinguish 
this species from N. mappa in the field and have reason to 
think that many specimens I failed to collect, actually belonged 
to it. While NV. mappa and the Ephydatia invariably form 
adherent crusts, this species sometimes extends outwards from 
its support in thin lamellae. There was no difference in the 
manner of growth of the former two species, except that while 
single sponges of N. mappa often covered an area of moderate 
extent, those of the Ephydatia were always quitesmall. In the 
as to have the appearance of a mosaic. N. mappa is certainly 
commoner on fragments of basalt than on pieces of limestone, 
but was found on several occasions on the latter. 
The two sponges of the Jordan channel as a rule adhere 
pieces and washed 
-™ 
great advantage in stormy weather, when the waves beat 
on the stones to which it is attached. The largest specimens of 
a 
