264 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [July, 1913. 
Now, before the time of Kalidasa and before the present 
Maha-Bharata, the fact of having a ‘one-umbrella empire’ ex- 
tending from the Himalayas to the Vindhyas and up to the 
Ocean, could only refer to a period which cannot go back farther 
than the days of Chandragupta Maurya and could not be 
of 325 B.c. has to be brought down to a time after Asoka, in 
view of (a) what has been said in paras. (II) and (III) and (0 
written under the reign of Pushyamitra (cir. 160 B.c). AS 
Bhasa knows the Manava-Dharma Sastra,2 we might pre 
sume that about 100 years would have elapsed between the 
composition of the Manava-Dharma-Sastra and the dramas of 
(V) The benedictory verse refers to the reigning (‘our’) 
sovereign. It is pronounced by any character who happens to 
be the last spokesman on the stage, e.g. by Drona in the Pajicha- 
ratra, by Yaugandharayana in the Paratijna- Yaugandhara- 
yana, by King Udayana in the Svapna-Vasavadatta.*® Raja- 
imha was not therefore Udayana’s or Drona’s but Bhasa’s 
‘sovereign-lion ’. 
_, +f one case we get another word, Upendra, in the place of 
Raja-Simha.* In the Madhyama- V yayoga, the bharata-vakya, 
or, to be more accurate, the last verse (for the expression 
bharata-vakya is not to be found there) runs thus :— 
‘* As the Samudra is the lord (prabhavah sic) of rivers, as 
fire is the lord of offerings, as even mind is the lord 
! The legal journal, the-Calcutta Weekly Notes, 1911, Nos. 41 and 42. 
Of. Kohler, Archiv fiir Reschts-und Wirtschafts philosophi: (1912) V. 4- 
* S. Vasava., p. xxix. It also knows the work ‘ Ram tyana.’ 
his i observed above, another instance of undeveloped 
stage of the technique of Hindu darma in Bhasa. Sometimes there 
is no bharata-vakya given at all, e.g. in the Charudatta (S. Vasava., 
p- Vili), in the Ghatotkacha (ibid., p. ix), in the Uru-bhaga (ibid., p. XVii). 
We notice a very important practice here —the practice of alluding 
under artistic, kavya obscurity. Th Miidra-Rakh has ‘‘ Srima 
Bandhu-bhriityah Chandra-gupt 4 ., rhe Miidra-Rakhasa 
_-..’ Only ‘‘our king’’, nah raja, is mentioned in the Pratima (S. 
Vasava., p. xix). 
