144 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. (May, 1909. 
oldest are the multi-towered. The towers on the roof may 
r Panca-ratna, i.e., a tower in the centre with four 
smaller towers on four corners ; ; they may be nine or nava-ratna, 
i.e., in addition to the four corner towers, five small ones on the 
panic big tower; or the e many, seventeen or twenty- 
five, i.e., tiers of towers sinatinns up the sides of the domical 
roof crowned by a large tower. The names Pajica-ratna and 
nava-ratna were known to Buchanan and Revd. Ward.' They 
e 
into 25-towered in the latter century, but have now dis- 
appeared. These temples were, as a rule, lavishly ornamented 
in front, having many fine carvings. Noted examples of the 
Pafica-ratna or five- jewelled type occur in Visnupur town, the 
Syamraya alias Budha (old) Radhagyam, the oldest temple of 
the hut-roofed <ub-class, dated 949 Mallabda (1643-4 A.D. a 
in Candrakona, Ghatal, Midnapur, the temple of Ramesvara 
dated 1577 Saka (1655-6 A.D.), in Goaltore, Thana Garhbeta, 
Midnapur, the half-ruined temple of Balcandra, about the 
middle of the eighteenth century, in Mahmudabad, Jessore, the 
Krsna temple built by Raja Sitaram Raya (Bisvas) in 1625 
= (1703-4 A.D.), 3 a Japsi, Vikrampur, Dacca, the 
temple of Lala Ramprasid Ray, first quarter of eighteenth 
century. The nava-ratna or nine-jewelled type, which is rather 
later, may be studied in the ri st temple of Baxa, Hugli, 
circa 1199 Bengali sana (1793 A.D.),* the ruined temple of 
ditya, 4th quarter of the sixteenth century, and the Srikanta 
temple of Kantanagar, Dindjpur, begun in 1644 Saka (‘722-3 A.D.) 
by Raja Prannath | Ray and completed by Ramnath Ray.* The 
17 or 25-towered type, produced evidently under the influence of 
the Benares style (cf. the 13 towered Hatéesvari of Bansberia, 
Hugli), has survived, the former in Budha Siva temple of 
Raghunathpur, Candrakona, and the latter in the two main 
temples of Kalna, Bardwian, Krsna-candra dated 1764 A.D. 
and Lalji of nearly the same time, 6 both built by the Bardwan 
Raj family, and in the now dismantled Radha-Krsna temple of 
Raja Ramnath Ray, 1667 Saka (1745-6 A.D.), in Gopalgaai, 
Dinajpur.® 
a 
ae Martin, Eastern India, vol. ii., p. 925; Hindoos, 1817, vol. 
i, o 
S.R., viii., p. 204, No. 2; ef. Ar. ae Ind., 1993-4, pp. 49-52. 
For this nly eae carved temple, see figures 4a 
4 Hist. Ind. Arch., pp. 466-7, mn woodcut No, 263, Ar. S. Beng 
rete 1901-2, pp. v fies The temple s said to have cost two lakhs "of 
pees (East India, li, 6). 
vas For Lalji talapie, wae see figure 7. 
§ For a litho of the Radha-Krsna temp'e, Gopilgaiij, see plate xi, 
frontispiece 46 East India, vol. ii (wrongly called «« pongcho-ratno’’). 
