Vol. V, No. 10.] Reference to Babylon in the Rigveda. 419 
[N.S.] 
followers the Sanakas have been called wasqra: unsacrificing. 
This is also one of the terms repeatedly used in the Rigveda 
as an epithet to the non-Aryans with whom the Rzsis came in 
contact while ‘settling in the land of the Sapta Sindus. The 
Sanakas were probably a non-Aryan tribe living on the banks 
of the Sanaka, a tributary to the Rasa. 
In the VIII Mandala mention is made of a golden coin 
called ‘‘ mana ’’ which is a well-known Babylonian coin. 
Sl att Baa ma qHaye i 
aut wat fecagat | © 1 9512 
Bring us ornaments, cattle, horses and perfumes; with 
golden mands (O Indra). viii. a7 2: 
In the same Mandala mention is made of the country 
anciently known as 4a (Ruma). 
Fal WA ANA SH BI 2H AIS AAT | 
ATG Falla: alaarea set Tera AT Is 1 Bik 
Or, O Indra, if you are regaling yourself in Ruma, Rugama, 
Cyavaka, Kripa, 
Still the Kanvas, the Carriers of Hymns, are bringing to 
you praises, O Indra, come. viii. 4. 2. 
e Ruma, Rucama, etc., here are either places or peoples 
of these places. Of Rucamawe havein Rugama (viii. 4.2; 51.9); 
the Rugamas (v.30. 12 & 13); of the Rucamas (v. 30. 14); and 
among the Rucamas (v. 30. 13). : 
he name Ruma occurs also in the Avesta and is supposed 
to be Western Asia. In this connection we may notice the 
— discoveries at Tel-el-Amarna. These show that about 
B 
name of a contemporary of Yajnavalkya and not with that of 
Arta-Xerzes and Arta-phernes. For not only are the former 
Ghatya. Moreover the Iranians instead of adoring the gods 
Indra and Nasatya abhorred and detested them. 
