A. W. WATERS—REPORT ON THE BRYOZOA. 149 
no character of any value is given, and the attempt to put new wine in old 
bottles has proved entirely impossible, and is causing great confusion in the 
nomenclature of the Bryozoa. Some of the diagnoses have conveyed so little 
information, that to help ourselves out of a difficulty we instinctively look to 
see’ what was included ; but then to take the first species, and say that is the 
type of a heterogeneous group incorrectly and insufticiently described, is not 
making for stability of classification. The rule that, if nothing is said to the 
contrary, the first species mentioned must be considered as the type, was not 
made so that, when an utterly inadequate diagnosis was given, yet we must 
of necessity retain this name for a genus, to be afterwards fully described, 
containing this species. 
However, a little more patience is still required, and I would repeat that 
we must not be in too great a hurry over re-classification, although recog- 
nising that important changes must come, and future classification must 
include new characters, for useful ones will be found in the opercula, their 
shape, attachment, and muscles; in varying characters of the ovicell— 
whether it is closed by the operculum or not; in the position of the testes 
and ovaria ; in the nature of the oral and avicularian glands ; in the way in 
which the zocecia are connected through the rosette-plates or pore-chambers ; 
in the primary zocecia : on the other hand, we have to recognise that Hincks 
attached far too much importance to peristomial characters. Thus, while 
recognising that changes will be made, present generic names and generic 
groupings can be provisionally used, and it is known that two or three com- 
petent workers are giving classification close attention, and in all probability 
we shall find that the present one gives us a useful basis, and that many 
known genera will be retained after removing species incorrectly placed in 
them. 
Out of the genus Lepralia of Hincks, Hippoporma, Cyclopora, and 
Monoporella have been formed. 
LEPRALIA JAPONICA, Busk. (Plate 13. figs. 10-12. 
Lepralia japonica, Busk, Zool. Chall. Exp. vol. x. pt. xxx. p. 143, pl. 17. fig. 5; Waters, 
Zool. Chall. Exp. vol. xxxi. pt. Ixxix. p. 26 (1889) ; Ortmann, “ Japanische Bryozoenfauna,” 
Arch. f. Naturgesch. vol. i. p. 39, pl. 1. fig. 11 (1890). 
Semieschara magna, VOrb. Pal. Franc. vol. v. p. 367 (1851). See Waters, Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist. ser. 7, vol. xv. (1905) p. 6. 
Lepralia gigas, Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xv. (1885) p. 255, pl. 9. fig. 8; 
Kirkpatrick, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. (1888) p. 78; Thornely, “ Manaar,” p. 120 
(1905). 
Leprala gigantea, Busk MSS. Brit. Mus. Coll. 
This occurs from the Sudan with unilaminate broad tubes (say 10 mm. 
diam.), which anastomose irregularly, forming a very large growth, for some 
pieces about 70 mm. across are evidently only fragments of large colonies. 
