A. W. WATERS—REPORT ON THE BRYOZOA. 237 
LICHENOPORA RADIATA (Audowzn). 
Hor synonyms, see Miss Jelly’s Catalogue, and add :— 
? Diastopora catillus, Johnson, “ Cyclos. Bry. found at Madeira,” Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 
_ser. 6, vol. xx. (1897) p. 61. 
Lichenopora radiata, Neviani, ‘ Bri. neog. delle Calabrie,” Pal. Ital. vol. vi. (1900) p. 246; 
Bri. foss. della Farnesina & Monte Mario, presso Roma,” Pal. It. vel. i. (1895) p. 185; 
Calvet, “ Bry. mar des Cétes de Corse,” Trav. de l’Inst. de Zool. de Montpellier, sér. 2, 
Mém. 12, p. 44 (1902); Ortmann, A., “ Die Japan. Bry.,” Arch. fiir Naturgesch. vol. i. (1890) 
p. 64; Jullien & Calvet, ‘Bry. provenant des Campagnes de I’Hirondelle,’ p. 119 (1903) ; 
There are a few specimens from among the lamellibranchs which cover the 
dock walls at Suez. JL. radiata has 9 tentacles. I can only give Diastopora 
catillus as a synonym on Norman’s authority, as the description does not at 
all correspond. 
Loc. British ; Mediterranean; Bay of Biscay, 135 met. (J. § Gaye: 
adeira (Norm.); Japan (Ort.) ; Samoa, mentioned by Ortmann ; Suez 
(18), collected by Crossland. 
Fossil. Farnesina (Postpliocene) ; Pliocene and Postpliocene of Calabria 
and Sicily. 
CTENOSTOMATA. 
The examination of the Ctenostomata from Mr. Crossland’s collections has 
left me dissatisfied with our knowledge of this group ; although the characters 
used are mostly zoarial, the way in which the zoarium grows and spreads, 
which is undoubtedly a character of considerable importance, has in most 
eases been insufficiently described. 
The group is based upon the so-called setose collar ; but this is an unsatis- 
factory name, for though there may often be an appearance of spines or 
hairs projecting from the aperture, further examination with sufficient 
magnification shows that this is not the case, and that there is only a 
cylindrical prolongation which is thrown into folds with thicker ridges. 
This collar has been correctly described by Ehrenberg, Ehlers, and others ; 
and Jullien has shown that to speak of it as setose has been misleading. 
However, it has even been described as having bristles round the aperture. 
This collar may be seen projecting from the aperture of a zocecium in which 
all the organs have disappeared, and this makes it difficult to follow Ehlers 
in considering that it represents the diaphragm or sphincter which closes the 
tentacular sheath of the Cheilostomata. 
(1) First, there is a group forming a fleshy or chitinous expansion, either 
adnate or erect, in which the zowcia are developed directly from other 
