250 MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA. 
VALKERIA UvA (Linn.). (Plate 24. fig. 13; Plate 25. figs. 4, 12, 13.) 
Ellis, J., Nat. Hist. of Corallines, p. 28, Corallina cuseuts forma ce. pl. 14. fig. C, and 
Corallina minima repens &c. p. 28, pl. 15. fig. C. 
Compare Miss Jelly’s Catalogue and add :— 
Valkeria wa, Lomas, “ Report on Polyzoa,” Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Liverpocl, vol. xl. (1886) 
p- 189; Levinsen, Zool. Danica, “ Mosdyr,” p. 83, pl. 8. figs. 10, 11 (1894); Kirkpatrick, 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. v. (1890) p. 17; Calvet, “Bry. Mar. de Cette,” Trav. Inst. 
de Zool. de Univ. de Montpellier, 2nd ser. Mem. 11, p. 98 (1902); Bidenkap, “ Fort. over de 
arkt. Bry.,”’ Bergens Mus. No. 9, p. 44 (1905). 
Vesicularia cuscuta, Barrois, “ Rech. sur ? Embry. des Bry.” p. 199, pl. 11. figs. 1-14 
(1877). 
Valkeria verticilata, Heller, “ Bry. Adr. Meeres,’’ Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. vol. xvi. 
(1867) p. 129, pl. 6. fig. 4. 
Valkeria tuberosa, Heller, loc. cit. p. 129, pl. 6. fig. 3. 
The creeping form occurs abundantly from Naples, and the number of 
zocecia in a group varies considerably ; some will have 6-7, whereas I have 
seen some with as many as 40-50. Those from the Sudan have usually 
10-12, but they are attached to Lepralia japonica in such a way that they 
cannot readily be studied. 
In specimens with a large number of zocecia it is seen that a Joint is given 
off from the main stem, and then from this joint two other creeping joints, 
which again give out a pair, and so on (PI. 24. fig. 13). From each short 
joint grows a zoecium, thus forming groups of Jong narrow zocecia, except 
where there is a larva, when they are wider and shorter. Possibly those just 
described with numerous zocecia should be called var. tuberosa, Heller. The 
distance between these groups is considerable though variable, and in the 
same way Bowerbankia pustulosa and B. imbricata have distant groups, 
though sometimes all three form dense masses. In examining some specimens 
from Poole out of the so-called salt-water lake (which varies much in saline 
density), I found that when the groups are forming there is below the septum 
of the stem a pair of zoccia (fig. 12), and then immediately below these 
a pair of growths, which may remain delicate root-like processes, or these 
may grow to form new stems or occasionally may form zocecia. 
In the slight swelling of the stem from which the zocecia grow a bundle of 
muscles is found passing from the upper to the lower surface (see PI. 26. 
figs. 12, 13), and these agree with what Ehlers has figured in Hyphoporella 
ewpansa, and what we also find in Farella repens, Farre. In Mimosella_ 
gracilis, Hincks, there is in the pinnee, below each septum, a similar band of 
muscles (see note p. 239). The creeping stolon is about 0:04-0:05 mm. in 
diameter, the zocecia about 0°30 mm. long when closed, so that it is easily 
distinguished from Bowerbankia pustulosa and imbricata by beg so much 
smaller. The parietal muscles are grouped and there are two series of 
muscles, though Farre thought that there was only one “ set.” Whether the 
