252 MARINE BIOLOGY OF THE SUDANESE RED SEA. 
Gondypodaria must fall. These muscular nodes occur in some stalks but 
not in all of the specimens of B. gracilis from the Sudan (3), and the 
same thing is known in British and Mediterranean specimens. Ii is referred 
to by Joliet in his Bry. des Cotes de France, p. 104, and also by Levinsen in 
his Zool. Danica, p. 96. In one instance the calyx arises from this second 
muscular node, which also seems to be the case in B. ramosa, Robertson. 
In specimens from No. 3 Sudan there are delicate spines round the calyx 
and also on the non-chitinous parts of the stalk, but some calyces may have 
only one or two spines or none ; and examination of specimens from other 
localities shows that this is not exceptional, for they occur on my Trieste 
specimens and on some shown to me by Mr. Waddington from Poole, and on 
others I collected near Bournemouth, though they may in some cases be 
overlooked if only examined with very low powers. ‘There is thus no reason 
for making a new species, even though the spines are stouter than those 
found elsewhere. 
Similarly, there are in my specimens of 6. cernua, Pall., sometimes spines 
on the calyx, and Hincks, Joliet, and some others have considered that 
Pedicellina cernua, P., and P. var. glabra, Sars, are the same species, with 
the stalk sometimes smooth, sometimes spiny ; nevertheless Ehlers considered 
them to be distinct species, though from what I have seen there seems no 
doubt that Hincks was correct and that the presence of spines is not a 
character of the first importance. 
Spines occur both on the stalk and the calyx on Jullien’s P. hirsuta and 
on Miss Robertson’s A/yosoma spinosa, which I am not at present prepared to 
remove from Barentsia. Miss Robertson mentions the oblique position of 
the calyx, but this appearance is sometimes seen in B. cernua, and her figure 
(pl. xvi. fig. 3) suggests that there is here no structural difference of great 
importance. Sars, in his original description of B. echinata, figures and 
mentions spines on the calyx. In a specimen in my collection from Naples, 
which otherwise resembles B. echinata, there are about 100 stout recurved 
spines, which also spread out at the base as if they were attached by muscles, 
and there are also numerous stout spines on the stalk. 
Loc. Arctic, British, Danish, French, Mediterranean, Victoria (Australia), 
Queensland ; Khor Shinab (3) on Membranipora limosa, Wat., 10-12 fath., 
collected by Crossland. 
Loxosoma Kerrersternil, Claparéde. 
A large specimen with many buds from Khor Dongola is no doubt this 
species, but I was unable to make any detailed examination. 
Loc. Naples (Cl), Adriatic (Hincks), Khor Dongola, collected by 
Crossland. 
