TDNaUE or THE HONEY-BEE. 409 



blend witli two ridges that correspond inwardly with the furrows, 

 which, on the outer surface, mark off the clypeus. Erom the 

 lower side of the base of each of these pillars spring second 

 pillars (b, figs. 1 & 2), running parallel with those first mentioned 

 until they approach the outer wall of the head, where they ter- 

 minate in a bifurcation ; they cannot, however, in strictness be 

 considered pillars, as they each unite with and form part of the 

 chitinous wall bounding the oral chamber. 



This bifurcation receives the end of the cardo {d, figs. 1, 2, & 

 5, details of the base of maxilla, with adjacent parts). The cardo 

 is channelled on the medial side and terminates at each end in 

 two unequal processes, those at the forward end receiving the 

 muscle eoo m, those at the other being hinged to the base of the 

 maxilla (see fig. 5) ; in the centre of this fork is placed the end 

 of one of the wings of the lora (e, fig. 3, longitudinal section of 

 head, with muscles ; figs. 5 & 6, tongue of queen from above). 

 The central portion or body of the lora is triangular in shape and 

 is hinged to the base of the mentum. 



The mentum is a semitubular body, bearing at its anterior end 

 the labial palpi, the tongue, and the other organs connected 

 with it. It contains the muscles acting directly on the tongue, 

 and the salivary valve ; and into it is withdrawn a large portion 

 of the basal end of the tongue in the manner hereafter to 

 be described. The anterior end (fig. 15, from above) is cut by 

 two longitudinal notches ; the central portion bears the para- 

 glossse, the hyaline rod which traverses the tongue (T) ; and the 

 lateral parts bear the palpi. These latter organs (fig. 7) consist 

 of one long and three succeeding shorter joints. The long joint 

 contains a muscle which acts upon the remaining joints. The 

 whole organ is kept in its place adpressed to the tongue by a 

 muscle which arises from the walls of the mentum {p). 



The maxilla (fig. 9) consists of a stipe and a blade. When the 

 maxillae are closed together, they cover the tongue on the upper or 

 forward side, and, together with the labial palpi, completely sur- 

 round it. When folded back the blades carry with them the tongue 

 and palpi ; the lower edge of the blade fits into the space between 

 the base of the maxilla and the mentum, and thus the whole appa- 

 ratus is neatly tucked away and safely protected. The lower side 

 of the blade is plaited at its anterior end (fig. 14), the extreme 

 edge is fringed with hairs (d), and between these hairs are smaller 



