410 MB. T. J. BRIANT ON THE 



hairs or bristles {h and c) seated on papillae ; alternately a shorter 

 and weaker bair on a longer papilla and a longer and stouter bair 

 on a shorter papilla. There is nothing in the appearance of the 

 end to support the assertion frequently made, that it is used for 

 cutting purposes. The harder the chitine, the darker it is ; but 

 the end of the blade is very transparent and delicate. 



The movements of the organs before mentioned are controlled 

 by the following muscles. A pair of muscles {exm^, figs. 2 & 5) 

 which spring from the outer base of the cranial pillar («) are 

 inserted into the end of the cardo (d), together with a second 

 pair, which spring from the back wall of the head, exm^. The 

 contraction of these moves the cardo on the fulcrum formed at 

 its juncture with the walls of the oral chamber, and consequently 

 carries forward the lower end and tbe parts attached thereto ; 

 that is, the whole mentum and the maxillae. The posterior end 

 of the maxilla is brought forward by the muscle mx^ (fig. 4, lower 

 portion of longitudinal section of head, showing muscle; and 

 fig. 5), and this muscle is opposed by the muscles mx'^ and onx^. 

 The lateral movements of the maxilla are produced by the action 

 of a muscle found in its base (inx^, fig. 5), which is inserted into 

 the end of a dark chitinous strap {j, figs. 4, 5, & 6). This strap 

 is hinged at one end to the side of the inner oral chamber at h 

 (figs. 5 & 6). The contraction of mx^ results therefore in drawing 

 aside the whole organ, the elasticity of the hinge being sufiicient 

 to restore it again. The blade of the maxilla is extended by the 

 muscle onx^ and flexed by mx'^ (fig. 5). 



The general appearance of the tongue is that of a slightly 

 tapering brush-like organ densely covered with long hairs, 

 which, when extended, is longer than the palpi. Within this, 

 however, is a hyaline rod, which, arising from the central part 

 of the end of the mentum {I, fig. 15, also fig. 8, longitudinal 

 section of mentum, with tongue extended; fig. 9, the same, 

 with tongue contracted ; and fig. 10, section of tongue. A, 

 taken near the root B, taken about halfway down). This rod 

 terminates in a bifurcation upon a small ladle-shaped organ at 

 the extremity of the tongue {I, A and D, fig. 11). The outer 

 wall of the tongue is attached to it directly only at the anterior 

 end. In section it will be seen that the side of the rod turned 

 towards the bee is channelled by a groove which runs through 

 its entire length. The outer wall of the tongue is not tubular, 

 but is open along the back ; the edges of this slit are united to 



