CiRC. 167. 



•weight, increases in velocity as it descends, until its rate of motion amounts to that of 

 a gale. On reaching the lowlands its momentum causes it to rebound, and to rise 

 some distance above the surface, where it resumes its initial direction and flows on 

 until complete equilibrium is restored. It follows that, when the 'helm is on,' 

 there are places where everything is ' calm as summer's day,' and other places, not 

 far distant, where it would be difficult to stand upright owing to the violence of 

 the wind. At the same time all is calm on the summit. See Report on the Kelm 

 Wind of Gross Fell, Quart. Journ. R. Meteorol. Society, Jan. 1886, and paper read 

 by Mr. J. G. Goodchild, F.G. S., at Cumb. and Westmorland Society, No. 14, 

 1888-9, from which papers have been compiled the above summary of this singular 

 phenomenon. The name of the mountain ' Barfell ' is believed to be derived from 

 the ' Bar ' of cloud which is so conspicuous a feature when the helm is in full 

 swing. There does not appear to be any authority for the more modern spelling of 

 the Ordnance Map. The word ' Barf ' is still used in the East Riding [and in 

 Swaledale] for a ridge or hill and might be suggested, but with less reason, as an 

 alternative derivation. 



GEOLOGY. — This section will be officially represented by its Secretary, Mr. 

 T. Sheppard, F.G. S.; and the Boulder Committee by its Secretary, Mr. J. H. 

 Howarlh, F.G.S. 



Rev. John H. Mackie, M.A., writes that Baugh Fell is the westernmost 

 representative of the Pennine Chain, and, like most of the hills of this range in 

 Yorkshire, is largely composed of Yoredale Rocks, capped by Millstone Grit, all 

 of which are on the whole horizontal or with a slight dip to South, whilst at its 

 base are exposed the Great Scar Limestone, the Lower Limestone Shales, and the 

 Basement-beds of pebbly Conglomerate. The chief Geological interest in Baugh 

 Fell, however, lies in the fact that all the lower beds on its west and north-west 

 flanks, having been crushed against the Silurian rocks to the west, are highly 

 disturbed, and in places even inverted by the fault known as the Dent Fault 

 (incorrectly called the Pennine Fault). The effects of this crushing and faulting 

 may be excellently seen in most of the Gills which cut through the western side of 

 the Fell, the chief of these being (i) Taith's Gill, with Fairy Gill and Blue Caster 

 Gill, (2) Whinny Gill and Guttur Scales, (3) Ilebblethwaite Gill with Nor Gill and 

 Penny-Farm Gill, and (4) Dove Cot (iill ; all of which it is hoped may be visited 

 and studied in this excursion. It is not here proposed to enter into any geological 

 detail ; suffice it to say that all the usual rocks from the Coniston Limestone and 

 .Shales of the Lower Silurian up to the Millstone Grit overlying the Carboniferous 

 rocks, may be here seen ; whilst in the lower parts of these Gills are to be found 

 numerous mica-trap dykes, large intrusive sills of Felsite, together with boulders 

 and pebbles of Diabase, brought down by the streams from the boss on the top of 

 Blue Caster Fell, near by on the north. Printed copies of the 3 Sections across the 

 Dent Fault, Nos. 7, 8, and 10, in Taith's (iill, fiel)i)lethwaite Gill, and Dove Cot 

 Gill, made by Mr. A. Strahan, of the Geological Survey, and published in the 

 Memoir for the Mallerstang District, will be provided free of charge for all 

 members taking part in the expeditions, and possibly some detailed notes, describing 

 the geology of these Gills. Members should find excellent opportunity for obtain- 

 ing photographic illustrations of 'inversion,' 'contortion,' 'brecciation,' 'synclinal,' 

 and 'anticlinal,' whilst the wild imposing scenery of the Gills, the accompanying 

 Botany, and the grand panorama of Fells around, should combine to make the 

 1^ excursion profitable and interesting in all senses to those able to attend. 



BOTANY. — The Bryological Committee will be officially represented by its 

 Executive Member, Mr. W. Ingham, B.A. ; and the Mycological Committee by its 

 Secretary, Mr. C. Crossland, F.L.S. 



Flowering Plants. — Mr. John Handley writes that the following plants are 

 likely to be found in August on the two routes mentioned : Ranuiiadus lenorinandi, 

 TroUiiis, Berbej-is vulgaris, CarUainine iinpaliens, C.aniara, Diaba incana, Hyperi- 

 cum dubiitm, H. iitontaniim, Kiibus chamamorus, Ribes alpinuin, Hieraciuni 

 atiglicum, II. viiirorum, H. rigiduiii var. tridentatuin, H. ttinbellatwn, Vacciniiitn 

 oxycoccos, V. vitis-idaa, Pyrola i/iijior, Veronica scutellata, Trientalis, Ei)ipelntm 



