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SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XIV. No. 346. 



the proper space under each question. 

 (3) That for each question there be an 

 equal number for every grade, included in 

 each of the four divisions of the question — 

 i. e., in the case of the first question for a 

 grade of 32 pupils, let 8 be put down as 

 tall and the same number for each of the 

 other three classifications, and the same be 

 done as nearly as possible for all the other 

 questions (except 8). This it may be 

 seen demanded careful judgment and dis- 

 crimination on the part of the teacher, and 

 I cannot vouch for its accuracy, but know- 

 ing many of the teachers as I do, I believe 

 the returns are as valid as can be expected 

 from any work of this kind. In the di- 

 rections especial attention was called to the 

 fact that answers to 9 and 10 were not to 

 be based upon immediate judgment, but 

 upon that of the past as far as possible. 

 No exact measurements were called for 

 even in cases of 1 and 2. The values are 

 in every case relative and in this respect 

 differ from those of other studies of a simi- 

 lar nature. This method has some ad- 

 vantages and some disadvantages. It obvi- 

 ates the necessity for exact measuring 

 apparatus which the teacher might not 

 know how to use, although it introduces 

 an error of individual judgment. The im- 

 portant thing is, however, that we have for 

 every individual grade or room considered, 

 the fourfold classification along nine differ- 

 ent lines, by a tabulation of which it is pos- 

 sible to determine whether, right through 

 the grades, the pupils successful with their 

 school work were as a rule the tall or the 

 short ones, the heavy or the light, the 

 healthy or the sickly ones, and by a fuller 

 analysis possibly throw more light on the 

 relative values of other conditions of he- 

 redity and environment. 



In the preparation of the accompanying 

 curves the data for only 1,000 pupils were 

 used, and those wholly from the grades 

 below the 7th. This was done that with 



a later study a comparison might be made 

 between the non-adolescent stage covered 

 by this paper and the adolescent, made up 

 of pupils of the 7th and 8th grades and pos- 

 sibly the first year or two of the high school. 



The curves shown on the accompanying 

 figures are all constructed upon the same 

 general principles, and show the relation 

 between the conditions of heredity and en- 

 vironment covered by the questions 1 to 9, 

 inclusive (except 8), and success in school 

 work covered by question 10. In other 

 words, an attempt to show graphically the 

 influence of the former upon the latter. 

 Each figure shows this relation for a single 

 one of the first nine questions. Neither 

 specific grade nor age is considered, the 

 grades from one to six being taken as a 

 group. For each figure, the four columns 

 represent the 1st, 2d, 3d and 4th quarter 

 of the 1,000 pupils considered with respect 

 to the condition of question 10, which has 

 to do with their grading in school work. 

 In every case the 1st column has to do with 

 the pupils at the head of the class ; the 4th 

 with those at the foot ; the other two, those 

 of intermediate grading. 



The curves upon the figures are for the 

 condition covered by the other questions, 

 and by their ordinate distances (i. e., height 

 above the base-line) show the relation be- 

 tween them and the grading. To explain 

 more fully, upon each figure the heavy 

 entire curve is for the first part of the 

 question, tall, heavy, perfect, bright, etc., 

 according as 'it is on the figure for height, 

 weight, health, native ability, etc.; the 

 dotted curve for the ' above medium ' points 

 of the question ; the broken curve for the 

 ' below medium ' ; and the light, entire curve 

 for the remainder — the short, light, poor, 

 dull, etc. Ordinate distances show per- 

 centages of children of each condition of 

 heredity and environment in any of the di- 

 visions of the class with reference to the 

 grading. 



