November 8, 1901.] 



SCIENCE. 



719 



The two chief gods of the Paeblos are 

 the sky god and the earth goddess. The 

 sky god has a variety of names, some of 

 which are the same as his attributes, as : 

 wind, lightning, rain, etc.; others are sim- 

 ply clan names for the same god. The sun 

 god is a being symbolized by the sun. The 

 sun is a shield carried by the sky god. 

 This sky god or sun god (the names are 

 interchangeable) is the male principle — i. e., 

 the god of germs. His house is in the 

 underworld. The female principle is the 

 earth goddess, the goddess of germs. The 

 god of fire was a god of life which practi- 

 cally originated as sky god. Differentiation 

 came later. Inasmuch as the underworld 

 was the home of the sky god and also re- 

 garded as the home of the dead, the sun as 

 ruler of the underworld was regarded as 

 the god of death. The sky god and earth 

 goddess are personated by animal forms 

 and the names of these animals are some- 

 times applied to them, e. g., the sky god is 

 often called the thunder bird. So the earth 

 goddess is called the spider woman. Thus, 

 in popular stories, they say the spider wo- 

 man created man. Creation, as we under- 

 stand it, is a foreign conception to primitive 

 man ; it is always akin to birth. The sky 

 god and earth goddess are father and 

 mother to all men, and animals as well. 

 The earth is preexisting in their belief. 

 Religious beliefs and practices are simply 

 magical. Primitive man believes that every- 

 thing has a magic power. The earth has 

 magic power. The sky is regarded as a 

 solid body and has its magic power. Every 

 man, animal and object has its magical 

 power, and the object of worship is to make 

 use of this magical power to bring about 

 desired results. For example, suppose a 

 man wishes to bring rain. He owns cer- 

 tain fetiches whose magic power is great 

 enough to compel the magic power of the 

 sky to make it rain. He knows certain 

 songs or prayers which will do the same. 



He exerts this power in the form of a rite 

 or ceremony. 



8. ' Some Remarks upon the Attitude of 

 the Citizens of the Southwest toward Arch- 

 eology ' : Frank Russell. 



A paper based upon observations made 

 during an extended archeological recon- 

 noissance in Arizona and adjoining terri- 

 tories. This research developed the fact 

 that the average ranchman or miner takes 

 an active interest in the antiquities of his 

 locality, and usually formulates theories 

 that are sometimes startling to the archeol- 

 ogist. The author also discussed the atti- 

 tude of the Mormons, the extent of unsci- 

 entific exploration and vandalism; besides 

 relating personal experiences. 



Discussion : Dorsey, Fewkes and Hewitt. 



9. 'The Proposed Cliff Dwellers' Na- 

 tional Park ' : Edgar L. Hewitt. 



The following is a summary of Mr. 

 Hewitt's paper : 



(a) The geological conditions of Pajarito 

 Park, illustrated by photographs and an 

 archeological map. (6) Nature and ex- 

 tent of the ruins thereon ; illustrated by 

 photographs of cavate lodges ; ground plans 

 of ruins known as Tchrega, Navakwa, 

 Tsankawi and Otowi ; maps of mesas on 

 which these ruins are situated, and restora- 

 tions in water-color of Tchrega and one 

 section of cliff showing cavate lodges, (c) 

 The pictography of the ancient inhabitants, 

 illustrated by series of photographs from 

 Puye and Pajarito. {d) Historical sketch 

 of the movement providing for the setting 

 aside of the Pajarito region as a national 

 park, (e) Discussion of House Bill No. 

 13,071, known as the Lacey Bill. 



Discussion : Blackmar, Fewkes, Dorsey 

 and McGee. The last named emphasized 

 the necessity of preservation of antiquities. 

 He had drafted a general law for the preser- 

 vation of antiquities on lands belonging to 

 the United States. Had it passed, it would 

 be easy to have states act on lands belong- 



