30 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY. 



horizontally, with a fireplace in the center. The excavation is reached 

 by a notched board, after entering the house through a circular door 

 near the ground. The remains of the square structures of the Tu-tu-to-ni 

 show, as at the Klamath, the marks of an ax, while the wooden parts 

 of the older circular ones are charred at the ends and split with elkhorn 

 wedges, of which we find so many among the debris. 



In one of the ruins we excavated on the main rancJieria was found a 

 boat-shaped vessel, or dish, about nine inches in length, made, like those 

 of our collection obtained on the islands of Santa Barbara Channel, of 

 magnesian mica, showing also strong marks of having been exposed to 

 tire, seemingly for the purj)ose of cooking food in it ; furthermore, a 

 beautiful ladle of stone, a nicely finished wedge of slate as used for re- 

 pairing canoes ; and among the kjokkenmoddings we dug over, arrow- 

 heads and knives of stone, and many bone-carvings, were uncovered. 



I cannot account for our utter failure in finding any skeletons in the 

 main rancheria (the ground being well adapted for graves), either in a 

 regular cemetery or buried in houses, as we gave our attention to both 

 modes of interment. A cemetery probably existed in front of the 

 rancheria, near the brink, where the kjokkenmoddings steeply descend 

 to the edge of the river, which had, since the depopulation of the ran- 

 clieria, risen very high, and nearly reached the top of the kitchenmid- 

 dings, according to the mark set by the present owner of the place, and 

 washed away a large part of the refuse. 



About two miles up the river from the main settlement, another ran- 

 cJieria existed, in a nice spot, sheltered by a ridge, and bordered on one 

 side by a small stream at the foot of a steep rising, while in front the beau- 

 tiful Eogue Eiver displays its picturesque scenes (Map 3) [Plate 6]. The 

 kjokkenmoddings average here a depth of two feet only. While search- 

 ingfor the bury ing-ground, we sunk many test-holes all over the place, and 

 finally came upon a grave. It was dug three feet into a sandy soil ; the 

 sides of the lower part were lined with boards ; the skeleton, doubled 

 up in the usual manner, was resting on its back, facing the east, and 

 was covered by a board secured by several stones, and the hole filled 

 even with the surface of the surrounding ground. Nothing was found 

 with the skeleton. 



Eogue Eiver was alive with trout and thickly stocked with salmon at 

 the time of our visit ; hundreds of them could be seen splashing at short 

 intervals on the surface of the water, or resting motionless in the deep 

 eddies near rocks and bluffs. In front of the lower or main settlement 

 are several rocks above water, of which the farthest one out was the 

 principal fishery of the Tu-tu-to-ni, and gave rise, it is said, to many dis- 

 putes and quarrels. The rock is but eight feet above the surface of the 

 river at common height, which elevation is well adapted for the spear- 

 ing of fish by torch-light f the torch was placed in a crevice near the 

 water-mark of the rock's face to attract the fish from out the deep holes 

 near enough to the surface to be in easy reach of the expert spearsman. 



