62 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 



of recent formation, the shells being chiefly clam-shells. There is also 

 said to be one at Big Jackson's place, eight miles up the canal, and 

 another at Humhnmmi, 15 miles down the canal ; and I think it very- 

 probable that there are such, and perhaps others about, as these are 

 old camping-places of the Indians. 



Note, — The vegetable and animal resources of the country being all 

 mentioned under other heads, there is no necessity for a detailed 

 enumeration here. 



C. — Social. 



Contact with civilized and uncivilized tribes, and its influence. — There 

 are no civilized tribes of Indians with whom they have any contact. 

 There are a number of tribes of half-civilized Indians, with whom they 

 are in contact more or less, chiefly the Squaxons, Msqually, Clallams, 

 Snohomish, Lummi, and Chehalis tribes. Their relations are peaceful 

 with them all, and their influence is to keep them in about the same 

 condition, neither particularly elevating nor depressing. 



There is much contact between them and white civilization, and has 

 been for twenty-five years, and a little for twenty years previously. 

 Its influence has been both good and bad ; good with reference to food, 

 clothes, houses, and habits of industry, and against theft, murder, and 

 lying ; bad with reference to chastity and temi^erance. 



. PAET III.— CULTUEE. 



§ 1.— MEANS OF SUBSISTENCE. 



A. — Food. 



Methods of procuring. — Their food is a mixture of old Indian and 

 civilized food, but principally the latter, varying, however, in different 

 families ; the younger and middle-aged using chiefly civilized food, and 

 the old and poor ones a large amount of old Indian food. 



Most of them have gardens, where they raise chiefly potatoes, corn,, 

 peas, onions, turnips, beets, carrots, parsnips, beans, and cabbages, and 

 some fruits, as the raspberry, strawberry, gooseberry, and apple 

 Potatoes, however, are the principal crop. In the cultivation of their 

 gardens, they do not equal the white man. They seldom plow the 

 ground, as they have been accustomed to clear small patches of land, 

 often too small to plow, and where also too many roots remain. The 

 first season they dig it up with a spade or large hoe, but afterward do^ 

 not always every year, but sometimes plant the seeds in the old ground,, 

 and cultivate with the hoe. As a general thing, they cultivate less than 

 Americans. 



They gather many wild berries, chiefly the wild raspberry, gooseberry^ 

 currant, sallalberry, strawberry, cherry, cranberry, blackberry, elder- 

 berry, salmonberry, thimbleberry, and red, blue, and black huckleberries.^ 

 Most of these are eaten at once, both cooked and uncooked, but some- 



