EELLS ON THE TWANA INDIANS. 63 



are dried for future use, chiefly the huckleberry, sallalberry, and black- 

 berry, the last of which is pounded up and made into cakes, which are 

 then dried. 



They also gather fern- roots and three other kinds without English 

 names, which grow in swamps, the sprouts of the thimbleberry and 

 salmonberry, rush-roots, Indian onion, and hazelnuts. 



They are fond of kamass; none, however, grows near them. For- 

 merly they made long journeys in order to obtain it, but having otherfood 

 now they have used but little of late years. Most of the roots named 

 are eaten in their season, but few being kept for future use. 



They have a few cattle, from which they get a little beef, but prefer 

 to keep most of them in order to raise more cattle to use as work-oxen. 

 They do but little milking, not seeming to think that it pays. They buy 

 some pork, bacon, and hams, and hunt and obtain chiefly venison, bear- 

 meat, pheasants and grouse, ducks and geese, rabbits and squirrels. 

 Most of the hunting is done with the gun, the bow and arrow being en- 

 tirely out of use, except as a plaything for children. At certain times 

 of the year, ducks are very abundant, yet they have been shot at so often 

 that they are very much afraid of canoes. The Indians, therefore, cover 

 their canoes with green boughs, standing some upright. Hiding among 

 these boughs, they paddle quietly among the ducks, which are not 

 frightened at such things, when they are easily shot. 



They fish and obtain salmon, salmon-trout, dog-salmon, herring, sil- 

 ver trout, rock-cod, flounders, smelt, halibut, and skates. Salmon-eggs 

 and the eggs of all large fish are used for food. They fish with the hook, 

 spear, net, and build traps across the Skokomish Eiver. Their fish- 

 spear is three-pronged generally, but sometimes they are only two- 

 pronged. These are about two feet long, and made of iron, old rasps 

 being preferred. When iron cannot be obtained, they are made of very 

 hard wood. These prongs are tied to a very slim pole, from fifteen to 

 twenty-five feet long, with strings or tough bark; and when a fish is 

 still they are easily thrust into it by the Indian in his canoe. Their traps 

 across the river are built of small sticks about an inch in diameter and 

 six feet long, very close together, leaning down stream, which prevent 

 the salmon going up, when they are easily caught and killed. They dry 

 some of the fish, especially large quantities of the salmon, for winter use. 



They dig for clams, which they dry in the smoke, and also obtain 

 mussels and oysters. 



Formerly they obtained oil from seals and porpoises, and bought 

 whale-oil from the Makah Indians, but of late years they have ceased to 

 use oil for food. 



They use no grasshoppers, crickets, or insects for food. 



They buy chiefly flour, sugar, rice, beans, coffee, tea, butter, yeast- 

 powders, saleratus, salt, lard, spices, sirup, dried apples, and crackers, 

 according to their means. 



Division of labor, concerning. — The men and women both work in the 



